Contoh Soal TOEFL dan Pembahasannya
1. The first recorded use of natural gas to light street lamps it was in the town of Frederick, New York, in
A B C D
1825.
Answer : B (it was)
The use of the pronoun subject it is unnecessary; it should be omitted.
2. The French Quarter is the most famous and the most old section of New Orleans.
A B C D
Answer : C (most old)
The superlative form of a one-syllable adjective (old) is formed with the suffix -est: oldest.
3. Liquids take the shape of any container which in they are placed.
A B C D
Answer : C (which)
in The preposition must precede the relative pronoun: in which.
4. Many communities are dependent on
groundwater __________ from wells for
their water supply.
(A) that obtained
(B) obtained
(C) is obtained
(D) obtain it
Answer : B (obtained)
The only correct way to complete this sentence is with a participle (obtained really means which is obtained).
5. Physical therapists help patients relearn how to use their bodies after disease or injure.
A B C D
Answer : D (injure)
A noun (injury), not a verb (injure), is required.
6. Not only ____________________ places of
beauty, but they also serve scientific and
educational purposes as well.
(A) are botanical gardens
(B) botanical gardens to be
(C) botanical gardens are
(D) to be botanical gardens
Answer : A (are botanical gardens)
A main verb, such as are, is required to complete the clause (to be is not a main verb), and the subject and verb must be inverted because the clause begins with the negative phrase not only.
7. _________________ the best car to buy is a Mercedes Benz.
(A) Because of its durability and economy
(B) Because it lasts a long time, and it is very economical
(C) Because of its durability and it is economical
(D) Because durably and economy wise it is better than all the others.
Answer : (A) because of its durability and economy
Grammar : Adverbial clause of Reason
8. Those students do not like to read novels _______________ text books.
(A) In any case
(B) Forgetting about
(C) Leaving out the questions
(D) Much less
Answer : (D) much less
Grammar : clause of contrast
9. Before starting on a sea voyage, prudent navigators learn the sea charts, __, and memorize lighthouse locations to prepare themselves for any conditions they might encounter.
(A) Sailing directions are studied
(B) Study the sailing directions
(C) To direct sailing studies
(D) Studies direct sailing
Answer : (B) Study the sailing studies
Grammar : Gerund
10. At the Seventh International Ballet Competitions, Fernando Bujones won the first gold medal ever _________ to a United States male dancer.
(A) To be awarded
(B) To awards
(C) That awards
(D) Should be awarding
Answer : (A) to be awarded
Grammar : infinitive
11. In the south-western part of the United States, most of the watercomes
A B
of the Colorado River and the manmade lakes created from it.
C D
Answer : (C) comes of
Grammar : the correct answer is “comes from” because it’s explain prepositions of place positions
12. Bill Clinton, that won the 1992 presidential election, was
A B C
formerlygovernor of the state of Arkansas.
D
Answer : (A) that
Grammar : the correct answer is “who” because it’s explain adjective clause
13. In 1791, Quebec was divided into two
sections, Upper Canada and Lower Canada,
_____________ were ruled by elected
assemblies.
(A) they both
(B) both of them
(C) in which both
(D) both of which
Answer : D (both of which)
This choice correctly follows the pattern quantifier + of + relative pronoun.
14. A number of the materials used in manufacturing paint are potential dangerous if mishandled.
A B C D
Answer : C (potential)
An adverb (potentially), not an adjective (potential), is needed.
15. __________ experimental studies of the
aging process, psychologist Ross McFarland
determined that people could work
productively much longer than had
previously been thought.
(A) In that
(B) Through
(C) Since
(D) Into
Answer : B (Through)
This sentence can be correctly completed only with an introductory prepositional phrase (Through experimental studies).
Minggu, 26 Mei 2013
tugas bahasa inggris bisnis2 ke 3
SUWARDI
4EA02
14209794
BAHASA INGGRIS BISNIS 2
STYLE IN WRITTEN ENGLISH
1. The defendant refused to answer the prosecutor’s questions _________
a. Because he was afraid it would incriminate him
b. For fear that they will incriminate him
c. Because he was afraid that his answer would incriminate him
d. Fearing that will be incriminated by it
The Correct Answer is C
The Reason is :
• Answer A : Style error. There is no antecedent for the pronoun it.
• Answer B : 2 style errors. Refused … will is an incorrect sequence of tense; There is no antecedent for the pronoun they.
• Answer D : 2 style errors. There is an incorrect sequence of tense; There is no antecedent for the pronoun it.
2. Mrs. Walker has returned______
a. A wallet back to its original owner
b. To its original owner the wallet
c. The wallet to its originally owner
d. The wallet to its original owner
The Correct Answer is D
The Reason is :
• Answer A : Style error. It is redundant to say return … back.
• Answer B : Grammar error. When the indirect object precedes the direct object, no preposition is possible.
• Answer C : Grammar error. Originally is an adverb and is not correct because it modifies the noun owner.
3. The hospital owes______for the construction of the new wing.
a. The government twenty million dollars
b. For the government twenty millions dollars
c. To the government twenty million dollars
d. Twenty millions of dollars to the government
The Correct Answer is A
The Reason is :
• Answer B : 2 grammar errors. It is not correct to use a preposition when the indirect object precedes the direct object; when million is preceded by a number, it cannot be plural (one million, two million).
• Answer C : Grammar error. It is not correct to use a preposition when the indirect object precedes the direct object.
• Answer D : 2 grammar errors. When million is preceded by a number, it cannot be plural, and when million is preceded by a number and followed by a noun, the preposition of is incorrect.
4. Sarah ______ that she could not attend classes next week.
a. Told to her professors
b. Sald her professors
c. Told her professors
d. Is telling her professors
The Correct Answer is C
The Reason is :
The sentence in accordance with the questions.
5. The artist was asked to show some paintings at the contest because ______
a. He painted very good
b. They believed he painted well
c. If their belief that he was an good artist
d. The judges had been told of his talents
The Correct Answer is B
The Reason is :
Of the four answers provided the most appropriate structure is the answer B because after the verb (painted) takes an adverb (well) not an adjective.
6. If motorists do not observe the traffic regulations, they will be stopped,ticketed, and
A B C
have to pay a fine.
D
The Incorrect Answer is (D), Should be fined. For parallel structure, all past participles are required.
7. Fred, who usually conducts the choir rehearsals, did not show up last night because he
A B
had an accident on his way to the practice.
C D
The Incorrect Answer is (C), should be had had. The past perfect should be used; the accident happened first.
8. A short time before her operation last month, Mrs. Carlye dreams of her daughter
A B C
who lives overcast.
D
The Incorrect Answer is (C), should be dreamed. Use past time because it happened last month.
9. The atmosphere in Andalucia is open, warm and gives a welcome
A B
feeling to all who have the good fortune to visit here.
C D
The Incorrect Answer is (B), should be welcoming. For parallel structure, all adjectives are required.
10. Some of the people were standing in the street watched the parade, while others were
A B C D
singing songs.
The Incorrect Answer is (C), should be watching. Were standing … watching is correct parallel structure.
4EA02
14209794
BAHASA INGGRIS BISNIS 2
STYLE IN WRITTEN ENGLISH
1. The defendant refused to answer the prosecutor’s questions _________
a. Because he was afraid it would incriminate him
b. For fear that they will incriminate him
c. Because he was afraid that his answer would incriminate him
d. Fearing that will be incriminated by it
The Correct Answer is C
The Reason is :
• Answer A : Style error. There is no antecedent for the pronoun it.
• Answer B : 2 style errors. Refused … will is an incorrect sequence of tense; There is no antecedent for the pronoun they.
• Answer D : 2 style errors. There is an incorrect sequence of tense; There is no antecedent for the pronoun it.
2. Mrs. Walker has returned______
a. A wallet back to its original owner
b. To its original owner the wallet
c. The wallet to its originally owner
d. The wallet to its original owner
The Correct Answer is D
The Reason is :
• Answer A : Style error. It is redundant to say return … back.
• Answer B : Grammar error. When the indirect object precedes the direct object, no preposition is possible.
• Answer C : Grammar error. Originally is an adverb and is not correct because it modifies the noun owner.
3. The hospital owes______for the construction of the new wing.
a. The government twenty million dollars
b. For the government twenty millions dollars
c. To the government twenty million dollars
d. Twenty millions of dollars to the government
The Correct Answer is A
The Reason is :
• Answer B : 2 grammar errors. It is not correct to use a preposition when the indirect object precedes the direct object; when million is preceded by a number, it cannot be plural (one million, two million).
• Answer C : Grammar error. It is not correct to use a preposition when the indirect object precedes the direct object.
• Answer D : 2 grammar errors. When million is preceded by a number, it cannot be plural, and when million is preceded by a number and followed by a noun, the preposition of is incorrect.
4. Sarah ______ that she could not attend classes next week.
a. Told to her professors
b. Sald her professors
c. Told her professors
d. Is telling her professors
The Correct Answer is C
The Reason is :
The sentence in accordance with the questions.
5. The artist was asked to show some paintings at the contest because ______
a. He painted very good
b. They believed he painted well
c. If their belief that he was an good artist
d. The judges had been told of his talents
The Correct Answer is B
The Reason is :
Of the four answers provided the most appropriate structure is the answer B because after the verb (painted) takes an adverb (well) not an adjective.
6. If motorists do not observe the traffic regulations, they will be stopped,ticketed, and
A B C
have to pay a fine.
D
The Incorrect Answer is (D), Should be fined. For parallel structure, all past participles are required.
7. Fred, who usually conducts the choir rehearsals, did not show up last night because he
A B
had an accident on his way to the practice.
C D
The Incorrect Answer is (C), should be had had. The past perfect should be used; the accident happened first.
8. A short time before her operation last month, Mrs. Carlye dreams of her daughter
A B C
who lives overcast.
D
The Incorrect Answer is (C), should be dreamed. Use past time because it happened last month.
9. The atmosphere in Andalucia is open, warm and gives a welcome
A B
feeling to all who have the good fortune to visit here.
C D
The Incorrect Answer is (B), should be welcoming. For parallel structure, all adjectives are required.
10. Some of the people were standing in the street watched the parade, while others were
A B C D
singing songs.
The Incorrect Answer is (C), should be watching. Were standing … watching is correct parallel structure.
Kamis, 09 Mei 2013
tulisan 10 ( manfaat gerakan dalam shalat)
BENEFITS OF PRAYER MOVEMENT
a. Stand up straight
Standing straight is the alignment of the spine, and into the beginning of a breathing exercise, digestive and bone.
b. Takbir
An initial Takbir breathing exercises, Lungs are the respiratory tract, lungs are protected in the chest cavity is composed of curved ribs and spine mencembung. This arrangement is supported by two types of muscles that keep the arm from the chest (abductor) and held (adductor). Takbir means lifting arm and merenggangkannya activities, to expand the chest cavity as well as the lungs. And raised hands mean stretched muscles of the shoulder to the flow of blood that carries oxygen to be smooth.
c. Ruku
With bowing, improving blood flow and lymph to the neck because of its parallel position with the neck shoulder. Would flow more smoothly if the bowing is done right the abdomen and chest lay higher than the neck. Bowing also deflates breathing. Spinal alignment while bowing means to prevent calcification. Additionally, bowing is exercise urine (pee) to prevent prostate complaints. Spinal alignment will deflates kidney. While the emphasis of the bladder by the spine and the pubic bone will be launched urine. Lymph nodes (lymph) primary function is to filter out and destroy germs hanging around in the blood.
d. Prostration
Prevent Hemorrhoids prostration, drain lymph from the leg stomach and chest to the neck due to higher. And put his hands level with shoulders or ears, pumping lymph armpit to the neck. In addition, the blood circulation to bow down to prevent hemorrhoids. Prostration quickly useless. He did not drain lymph and not train the spine and muscles. No wonder that there is in some of the Companions Apostles relates that the Prophet often long in prostration. Besides prostration is manifestation in totality we surrender ourselves to God, that man is a weak creature, a servant who was able to enjoy the prayer, the soul in the zero point, in most conditions resigned and stable, someone who will be under stress regardless of burdens in the soul in a position physically ini.Selain otot2 stiff neck due to stress will be stretched, so that an intelligent and faithful servant interpret prayer will never hit desperation (Stress)
e. Sitting between the two prostrations
Sitting between the two prostrations can activate the sweat glands due to convergence of the groin and calf so as to prevent the occurrence of calcification. Vein above the base of the foot so that the blood pressure will fill the entire foot from the ankle to the blood vessels at the base of the foot expands. This movement can keep the foot optimally sustain our bodies.
f. Regards
Movement which is the closing prayer greeting, with the face turned to the right and to the left useful to maintain the flexibility of the neck veins. This movement will also accelerate the flow of lymph in the neck to the heart.
More Sophisticated prayers of Yoga "Do you think if only there was a river in front of the door of one of you and he bathed in it five times every day. Does it still have the dirt on her? ". The friend replied: "It certainly was not there one bit of dirt on his body". Then he said: "That's how parable prayers five times. God remove all their fault ". (H.R Abu Hurairah r.a).
It is unfortunate that no one dared university or intentionally developed technique is scientifically prayer movement. Not to mention management contained in the prayer readings. Like a prayer mission statement iftitah meaning (in management strategy). While reading Alfatihah meaning that we read over and over to 17 times is the objective statement. The purpose of life which is more sophisticated than the purpose of life on the straight path, the path is full of goodness as obtained righteous people such as prophets and apostles.
Dr.. Gustafe le Bond said that Islam is the religion of most commensurate with scientific discoveries. The development of science and ethics of science should be supported by the power of faith.
Muhammad was so noble teachings and scholarly, he not only spiritual doctor but more than that, is a physician modern.pemimpin states, world leaders and the afterlife, war strategist. Although a lot of people who hate, despise, sneer (due to ignorance and lack of knowledge about you) but it will not reduce all its glory
a. Stand up straight
Standing straight is the alignment of the spine, and into the beginning of a breathing exercise, digestive and bone.
b. Takbir
An initial Takbir breathing exercises, Lungs are the respiratory tract, lungs are protected in the chest cavity is composed of curved ribs and spine mencembung. This arrangement is supported by two types of muscles that keep the arm from the chest (abductor) and held (adductor). Takbir means lifting arm and merenggangkannya activities, to expand the chest cavity as well as the lungs. And raised hands mean stretched muscles of the shoulder to the flow of blood that carries oxygen to be smooth.
c. Ruku
With bowing, improving blood flow and lymph to the neck because of its parallel position with the neck shoulder. Would flow more smoothly if the bowing is done right the abdomen and chest lay higher than the neck. Bowing also deflates breathing. Spinal alignment while bowing means to prevent calcification. Additionally, bowing is exercise urine (pee) to prevent prostate complaints. Spinal alignment will deflates kidney. While the emphasis of the bladder by the spine and the pubic bone will be launched urine. Lymph nodes (lymph) primary function is to filter out and destroy germs hanging around in the blood.
d. Prostration
Prevent Hemorrhoids prostration, drain lymph from the leg stomach and chest to the neck due to higher. And put his hands level with shoulders or ears, pumping lymph armpit to the neck. In addition, the blood circulation to bow down to prevent hemorrhoids. Prostration quickly useless. He did not drain lymph and not train the spine and muscles. No wonder that there is in some of the Companions Apostles relates that the Prophet often long in prostration. Besides prostration is manifestation in totality we surrender ourselves to God, that man is a weak creature, a servant who was able to enjoy the prayer, the soul in the zero point, in most conditions resigned and stable, someone who will be under stress regardless of burdens in the soul in a position physically ini.Selain otot2 stiff neck due to stress will be stretched, so that an intelligent and faithful servant interpret prayer will never hit desperation (Stress)
e. Sitting between the two prostrations
Sitting between the two prostrations can activate the sweat glands due to convergence of the groin and calf so as to prevent the occurrence of calcification. Vein above the base of the foot so that the blood pressure will fill the entire foot from the ankle to the blood vessels at the base of the foot expands. This movement can keep the foot optimally sustain our bodies.
f. Regards
Movement which is the closing prayer greeting, with the face turned to the right and to the left useful to maintain the flexibility of the neck veins. This movement will also accelerate the flow of lymph in the neck to the heart.
More Sophisticated prayers of Yoga "Do you think if only there was a river in front of the door of one of you and he bathed in it five times every day. Does it still have the dirt on her? ". The friend replied: "It certainly was not there one bit of dirt on his body". Then he said: "That's how parable prayers five times. God remove all their fault ". (H.R Abu Hurairah r.a).
It is unfortunate that no one dared university or intentionally developed technique is scientifically prayer movement. Not to mention management contained in the prayer readings. Like a prayer mission statement iftitah meaning (in management strategy). While reading Alfatihah meaning that we read over and over to 17 times is the objective statement. The purpose of life which is more sophisticated than the purpose of life on the straight path, the path is full of goodness as obtained righteous people such as prophets and apostles.
Dr.. Gustafe le Bond said that Islam is the religion of most commensurate with scientific discoveries. The development of science and ethics of science should be supported by the power of faith.
Muhammad was so noble teachings and scholarly, he not only spiritual doctor but more than that, is a physician modern.pemimpin states, world leaders and the afterlife, war strategist. Although a lot of people who hate, despise, sneer (due to ignorance and lack of knowledge about you) but it will not reduce all its glory
tulisan 9 (manfaat wudhu)
Ablution
a. Benefits in general
Skin is the largest organ of our body whose main function wraps the body and protects the body from various threats germs, toxins, radiation also regulates body temperature, excretion function (landfills substances dud through the pores) and the medium of communication between nerve cells to pain stimuli, heat, touch the pressure.
So great was the function of the skin then its stability is determined by the pH (degree of acidity) and humidity.
Purification is one particular method of maintaining the stability of moisture.
If the skin is often dry will be very harmful to health, especially skin easily infected with the bacteria. By means of purification and rejuvenation process of washing the skin, mucous membranes, and also body holes associated with the outside world (pores of the skin, mouth, nose, ears). As we know the skin is home to a banya bacteria and normal flora, such as Staphylococcus epidermis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Mycobacterium sp (skin tuberculosis). As well as the nasal cavity are Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumonia, pulmonary disease), Neisseria sp, Hemophilus sp.
A surgeon is required to wash his hands every time you make a sterilization operation of germs. This way new unknown 20th century, as we know Japan needs 100 years to get used to wash hands, wash hands kapanye2 also being gencar2nya in the mass media, whereas Muslims have to cultivate since the 14th century ago. Extraordinary!
b. Gargling virtue mouth
Rinsing the mouth means cleaning the oral cavity of disease transmission. Leftover food often precipitates or trapped between teeth that if not cleaned (by rinsing the mouth or brush your teeth) will finally be mediating the growth of germs. By rinsing the mouth correctly and performed five times a day means we are totally unaware of the infection can prevent tooth and mouth.
Modern research proves that it can keep rinsing the mouth and throat from inflammation and keep the gums from injury. Gargling can also maintain and clean the teeth by removing food debris contained in between teeth after eating. Other benefits that gargling also most important is to strengthen the muscles of the face and keep the freshness. Gargling is an important exercise that is recognized by experts in the field of sports, because if the rinsing is done by moving the facial muscles properly can make a person calm soul.
c. Istinsyaq
Istinsyaq means inhaling water nostril, through the nasal cavity to the throat to the nose (nasopharynx). Its function is to purify the nasal mucous membranes and contaminated by the dirty air and this we know well kuman.Selama and mucous membranes of the nose is the first stronghold breathing.
With hopefully istinsyaq germs acute respiratory infections (ARI) can be prevented.
Modern science research conducted by a medical team of the University of Alexandria proved that most people who continuously ablution, then their noses clean and free of dust, bacteria and microbes. No doubt that the nostrils are places which are prone infestation of microbes and viruses, but with continuous nasal wash den do istinsyaq (entering and removing water to and from the nose at the moment ablution), then the nostrils be clean and free from inflammation and bacteria, and this reflects the overall body health. This process can keep the people of the danger of transfer of microbes from the nose to the other limb
d. Face wash and Second Palms
Wash your face and both hands up to the elbows have a huge benefit in removing dust and microbes, more than wash the nose. Wash your face and both hands to the elbows sanpai daat also removes sweat and skin and cleanse the skin surface of fat partitioned by the skin glands, and it is usually a place that is ideal for breeding bacteria.
Similarly, cleaning ears and their feet to the purification of the feet is equally important to prevent worm infections are still the biggest problem in our country
e. Wash both feet
Wash your feet with good massaging danpat bring a sense of calm and comfortable, because your feet are a reflection of the entire body. People who perform ablutions as if massaging all over his body one by one, and he just washed his feet with water and rub well. This is one of the secrets to feelings of calm and comfortable that is felt by a Muslim after ablution
a. Benefits in general
Skin is the largest organ of our body whose main function wraps the body and protects the body from various threats germs, toxins, radiation also regulates body temperature, excretion function (landfills substances dud through the pores) and the medium of communication between nerve cells to pain stimuli, heat, touch the pressure.
So great was the function of the skin then its stability is determined by the pH (degree of acidity) and humidity.
Purification is one particular method of maintaining the stability of moisture.
If the skin is often dry will be very harmful to health, especially skin easily infected with the bacteria. By means of purification and rejuvenation process of washing the skin, mucous membranes, and also body holes associated with the outside world (pores of the skin, mouth, nose, ears). As we know the skin is home to a banya bacteria and normal flora, such as Staphylococcus epidermis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Mycobacterium sp (skin tuberculosis). As well as the nasal cavity are Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumonia, pulmonary disease), Neisseria sp, Hemophilus sp.
A surgeon is required to wash his hands every time you make a sterilization operation of germs. This way new unknown 20th century, as we know Japan needs 100 years to get used to wash hands, wash hands kapanye2 also being gencar2nya in the mass media, whereas Muslims have to cultivate since the 14th century ago. Extraordinary!
b. Gargling virtue mouth
Rinsing the mouth means cleaning the oral cavity of disease transmission. Leftover food often precipitates or trapped between teeth that if not cleaned (by rinsing the mouth or brush your teeth) will finally be mediating the growth of germs. By rinsing the mouth correctly and performed five times a day means we are totally unaware of the infection can prevent tooth and mouth.
Modern research proves that it can keep rinsing the mouth and throat from inflammation and keep the gums from injury. Gargling can also maintain and clean the teeth by removing food debris contained in between teeth after eating. Other benefits that gargling also most important is to strengthen the muscles of the face and keep the freshness. Gargling is an important exercise that is recognized by experts in the field of sports, because if the rinsing is done by moving the facial muscles properly can make a person calm soul.
c. Istinsyaq
Istinsyaq means inhaling water nostril, through the nasal cavity to the throat to the nose (nasopharynx). Its function is to purify the nasal mucous membranes and contaminated by the dirty air and this we know well kuman.Selama and mucous membranes of the nose is the first stronghold breathing.
With hopefully istinsyaq germs acute respiratory infections (ARI) can be prevented.
Modern science research conducted by a medical team of the University of Alexandria proved that most people who continuously ablution, then their noses clean and free of dust, bacteria and microbes. No doubt that the nostrils are places which are prone infestation of microbes and viruses, but with continuous nasal wash den do istinsyaq (entering and removing water to and from the nose at the moment ablution), then the nostrils be clean and free from inflammation and bacteria, and this reflects the overall body health. This process can keep the people of the danger of transfer of microbes from the nose to the other limb
d. Face wash and Second Palms
Wash your face and both hands up to the elbows have a huge benefit in removing dust and microbes, more than wash the nose. Wash your face and both hands to the elbows sanpai daat also removes sweat and skin and cleanse the skin surface of fat partitioned by the skin glands, and it is usually a place that is ideal for breeding bacteria.
Similarly, cleaning ears and their feet to the purification of the feet is equally important to prevent worm infections are still the biggest problem in our country
e. Wash both feet
Wash your feet with good massaging danpat bring a sense of calm and comfortable, because your feet are a reflection of the entire body. People who perform ablutions as if massaging all over his body one by one, and he just washed his feet with water and rub well. This is one of the secrets to feelings of calm and comfortable that is felt by a Muslim after ablution
tulisan 8 ( klub kebanggaan)
Manchester United
Manchester United were known by the name stands for United, Man Utd, Man United is an English football club's top league, a myriad of achievements that have been achieved since the club was founded by a wide range of quality players have proven themselves dipentas MU English league clubs and also between Europe called the champions league.
Well to more clearly below is a profile of Manchester United as well as a brief history is as follows:
PROFILE OF MANCHESTER UNITED
Full name: Manchester United Football Club
User name: The Red Devils [1]
Founded: 1878, as Newton Heath LYR FC
Stadium: Old Trafford (Capacity: 75,957 [2] [3])
Owner: The Glazers
Vice chairman: Joel and Avram Glazer
Manager: Sir Alex Ferguson
League: English Premier League
A BRIEF HISTORY OF MANCHESTER UNITED
In 1878, workers Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway depot set up a football club called Newton Heath L & YR FC. The club nearly went bankrupt in 1902 before being rescued by investing JH Davies, managing director of Manchester Breweries. In a board meeting after the purchase, the club officials feel the need to change the club's name to mark a new beginning. On 26 April 1902, the chosen name of Manchester United thanks proposal blooded Italian man, Louis Rocca, among other choice names such as Manchester Central and Manchester Celtic.
The first success in the league began in 1907/08. Previous season, Manchester United brought Billy Meredith and Sandy Turnbull from local rivals, Manchester City, due to breaking FA rules. United's successful nine-point lead over second-ranked team, Aston Villa. A year after successfully won the league crown, United rake in the FA Cup trophy for the first time. The two former City players really inspire United to dominate English football.
On the European scene, known for its successful generation of United's famous Busby Babes. After losing a lot of talented players in a plane crash in Munich on February 6, 1958, United got ten years later. United's Busby rebuilding efforts are not in vain. The discovery of several young players, including George Best, inspire United's 4-1 victory over Benfica, Eusebio is still reinforced.
In the modern era, he continued United legend Sir Alex Ferguson named Scotland. Since entering the competition era England Premier League Man Utd bought up 11 times from 17 opportunities crown. In Europe, with Ferguson adding to United's successful Champions League title in 1999 and 2008.
ACHIEVEMENT MANCHESTER UNITED
Domestic
* Premier League: 1907-08, 1910-11, 1951-52, 1955-56, 1956-57, 1964-65, 1966-67, 1992-93, 1993-94, 1995-96, 1996-97, 1998 -99, 1999-2000, 2000-01, 2002-03, 2006-07, 2007-08, 2008-2009, 2010-2011
* British League Division One: 1935-36, 1974-75
CUP
* Cup FA Cup: 1909, 1948, 1963, 1977, 1983, 1985, 1990, 1994, 1996, 1999, 2004
* Cup Curling Cup: 1991-92, 2005-06, 2008-09, 2009-10
* Cup FA Charity / Community Shield: 1908, 1911, 1952, 1956, 1957, 1965 *, 1967 *, 1977 *, 1983, 1990 *, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 2003, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011. (* Joint winner)
Europe
* UEFA Champions League: 1968, 1999, 2008
* UEFA Cup Winners Cup: 1991
* UEFA Super Cup: 1991
INTERNATIONAL
* Intercontinental Cup / Club World Championship: 1999
* FIFA Club World Cup: 2008
Manchester United were known by the name stands for United, Man Utd, Man United is an English football club's top league, a myriad of achievements that have been achieved since the club was founded by a wide range of quality players have proven themselves dipentas MU English league clubs and also between Europe called the champions league.
Well to more clearly below is a profile of Manchester United as well as a brief history is as follows:
PROFILE OF MANCHESTER UNITED
Full name: Manchester United Football Club
User name: The Red Devils [1]
Founded: 1878, as Newton Heath LYR FC
Stadium: Old Trafford (Capacity: 75,957 [2] [3])
Owner: The Glazers
Vice chairman: Joel and Avram Glazer
Manager: Sir Alex Ferguson
League: English Premier League
A BRIEF HISTORY OF MANCHESTER UNITED
In 1878, workers Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway depot set up a football club called Newton Heath L & YR FC. The club nearly went bankrupt in 1902 before being rescued by investing JH Davies, managing director of Manchester Breweries. In a board meeting after the purchase, the club officials feel the need to change the club's name to mark a new beginning. On 26 April 1902, the chosen name of Manchester United thanks proposal blooded Italian man, Louis Rocca, among other choice names such as Manchester Central and Manchester Celtic.
The first success in the league began in 1907/08. Previous season, Manchester United brought Billy Meredith and Sandy Turnbull from local rivals, Manchester City, due to breaking FA rules. United's successful nine-point lead over second-ranked team, Aston Villa. A year after successfully won the league crown, United rake in the FA Cup trophy for the first time. The two former City players really inspire United to dominate English football.
On the European scene, known for its successful generation of United's famous Busby Babes. After losing a lot of talented players in a plane crash in Munich on February 6, 1958, United got ten years later. United's Busby rebuilding efforts are not in vain. The discovery of several young players, including George Best, inspire United's 4-1 victory over Benfica, Eusebio is still reinforced.
In the modern era, he continued United legend Sir Alex Ferguson named Scotland. Since entering the competition era England Premier League Man Utd bought up 11 times from 17 opportunities crown. In Europe, with Ferguson adding to United's successful Champions League title in 1999 and 2008.
ACHIEVEMENT MANCHESTER UNITED
Domestic
* Premier League: 1907-08, 1910-11, 1951-52, 1955-56, 1956-57, 1964-65, 1966-67, 1992-93, 1993-94, 1995-96, 1996-97, 1998 -99, 1999-2000, 2000-01, 2002-03, 2006-07, 2007-08, 2008-2009, 2010-2011
* British League Division One: 1935-36, 1974-75
CUP
* Cup FA Cup: 1909, 1948, 1963, 1977, 1983, 1985, 1990, 1994, 1996, 1999, 2004
* Cup Curling Cup: 1991-92, 2005-06, 2008-09, 2009-10
* Cup FA Charity / Community Shield: 1908, 1911, 1952, 1956, 1957, 1965 *, 1967 *, 1977 *, 1983, 1990 *, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 2003, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011. (* Joint winner)
Europe
* UEFA Champions League: 1968, 1999, 2008
* UEFA Cup Winners Cup: 1991
* UEFA Super Cup: 1991
INTERNATIONAL
* Intercontinental Cup / Club World Championship: 1999
* FIFA Club World Cup: 2008
tulisan 7 ( tentang team kesayangan, real madrid)
Full name: Real Madrid Club de FĂștbol
User name: Los Blancos (White Team)
Los Merengues (Tim Meringue)
Los Vikingos (Team Viking)
Established: March 6, 1902 (110 years ago) as Madrid Club de FĂștbol
Stadium: Estadio Santiago Bernabéu, Madrid, Spain (Capacity: 81,254)
Honorary President: Alfredo Di Stéfano
President: Florentino PĂ©rez
Head Coach: José Mourinho
League: La Liga (2011-2012 Position Champion)
Website: Official Website clubs
Real Madrid Club de FĂștbol (Spanish pronunciation: [real maĂ°ÉŸiĂ° kluÎČ de futÎČol]), or commonly known as Real Madrid alone, is a professional football club based in the city of Madrid, Spain. Founded on March 6, 1902 with the name of the Madrid Club de FĂștbol, the team is using the title Real ("of the kingdom") after King Alfonso XIII of Spain gave official permission to the club in June 1920. Real Madrid have been playing in the Spanish League First Division (Primera DivisiĂłn) is referred to as La Liga since the beginning of this competition began, in 1928, and is the most successful club in Spain by number of trophies they have achieved. With FC Barcelona and Athletic Bilbao, the club has become one of the clubs who have been relegated to a lower division. The club is also one of the best clubs 20th century by FIFA. They have won 32 La Liga titles, 18 Copa del Rey, 8 Spanish Super Cups, 9 Champions Cup / UEFA Champions League, 2 UEFA Cups, 1 UEFA Super Cup and 3 Intercontinental Cups.
Real Madrid is the traditional costume of white-white, so nicknamed Los Merengues (white team). Cage stadium is the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium with a capacity of 80,354 spectators. Real Madrid itself has a pretty fierce rivalry, especially with Barcelona (known as El Clåsico) and city rivals Atletico Madrid (known as El Derbi madrileño).
Since the 2000s, Real Madrid is known as a team that likes to buy expensive players are world class, so it is given a new nickname, the Los Galacticos (team galaxy). The club is also known as one of the richest clubs in the world, with revenues of 438.6 million euros in 2011.
Beginning of Real Madrid started when football was introduced to Madrid by the academics and students of Institución libre de enseñanza that included several graduates of the University of Oxford and University of Cambridge. They founded Football Club Sky in 1897 which then often play football regularly on Sunday mornings at Moncloa. The club was later split into two in 1900, namely: New Foot-Ball de Madrid and Club Español de Madrid. The latter club split again in 1902 which resulted in the formation of Madrid Football Club on 6 March 1902. [1] Three years after its foundation, in 1905, Madrid FC first title after defeating Athletic Bilbao in the Copa del Rey final. The club became one of the founding members of the Royal Spanish Football Federation on 4 January 1909 when club president Adolfo Meléndez signed the foundation agreement establishment of the Football Association of the Kingdom of Spain. With some reason, the club moved to Campo de O'Donnell in 1912. In 1920, the club's name was changed to Real Madrid after Alfonso XIII of Spain to allow the club to use the Real-kingdom-which means to this club.
In 1929, the Spanish league was founded. Real Madrid led the first league season until the last match, but it was a surprise when they were defeated by Athletic Bilbao which causes a degree that is almost certainly won, won by Barcelona. [8] Real Madrid finally managed to win their first league title in the 1931 season - 32. Real then successfully defended his title the following year and went on to become the first Spanish club to win La Liga twice in a row.
Era Santiago Bernabeu and European success (1945-1978)
Santiago Bernabéu Yeste became president of Real Madrid was elected in 1943. [10] [11] Under his leadership, Real Madrid and then successfully establishing the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium and the Ciudad Deportiva training club which previously had damaged the Spanish Civil War. In 1953, the Bernabeu and then start building the team by bringing foreign players, one of them being Alfredo Di Stéfano.
In 1955, based on an idea proposed by the French sports journalist and editor of L'Equipe, Gabriel Hanot, Bernabéu, Bedrignan, and Gusztåv Sebes created an experiment with a soccer tournament invites the best clubs from all over Europe. This tournament later became the basis of the UEFA Champions League took place at this time. Under the guidance Bernabéu, Real Madrid established itself as a major force in football, both in Spain and in Europe. Real Madrid won the European Cup five times in a row between 1956 and 1960, including a 7-3 victory over German side Eintracht Frankfurt in 1960. After the fifth consecutive success, Real permanently awarded the original cup tournament and earn the right to wear the UEFA badge of honor. Real Madrid went on to win the European Cup for a sixth time in 1966 defeating FK Partizan 2-1 in the final match with the composition of the team is composed entirely of Spanish nationality players, as well as being the first time in the history of the European game. This team became known by the nickname "Ye-ye". The name "Ye-yé" came from the "Yeah, yeah, yeah" chorus in the Beatles' song titled "She Loves You" after four members of the team posed for Diario Marca daily wear distinctive Beatle wigs. Generation "Ye-ye" also won the second Champions Cup in 1962 and 1964.
In the 1970s, Real Madrid won the league championship 5 times with 3 times Cup winners Spain. [16] Madrid then played in his first UEFA Cup Winners' Cup final in 1971 and lost by a score of 1-2 from the English club, Chelsea. On 2 July 1978, club president Santiago Bernabéu died while the World Cup is underway in Argentina. FIFA then imposed three days of mourning to honor him during the tournament. The following year, the club held Santiago Bernabéu Trophy Championship as a form of homage to the former president.
Up and down, generation Quinta del Buitre, and seventh European Cup (1980-2000)
In the early 1980s, Real Madrid like losing his grip on La Liga and they take a few years to get back again to get to the top through the help of a new star. The success of the new star is then called by the Spanish sports journalist as the era of La Quinta del Buitre generation ("Five Birds Nazar"), which is derived from the name of el Buitre ("eagles"), the nickname given to one of the players of Madrid at the time, Emilio Butragueño. Other members were Manuel Sanchis, Rafael MartĂn VĂĄzquez, Miguel Pardeza, and MĂchel. With La Quinta del Buitre (later reduced to four members when Miguel Pardeza leave the club and move to Real Zaragoza in 1986) and well-known players like goalkeeper Francisco Buyo, right-back Miguel PorlĂĄn Chendo, and Mexican striker Hugo SĂĄnchez, Real Madrid managed to get up and has the best power in mainland Spain and Europe during the second half of the 1980s. The results are also significant: they managed to win two UEFA Cups, five Spanish league titles in a row, one Spanish Cup and three Spanish Super Cups. In the early 1990s, La Quinta del Buitre officially parted ways after Rafael MartĂn VĂĄzquez, Emilio Butragueño and MĂchel leave the club.
In 1996, President Lorenzo Sanz appointed Fabio Capello as coach. Although his tenure lasted only one season, Real Madrid won the La Liga through contributions Roberto Carlos, Predrag MijatoviÄ, Davor Suker, and Clarence Seedorf who helped the local players like Raul Gonzalez, Fernando Hierro, IvĂĄn Zamorano, and Fernando Redondo. Real Madrid then add ammunition to the arrival of Fernando Morientes in 1997. They wait for 32 years to be victorious again in Europe finally ended in 1998 under manager Jupp Heynckes for successfully qualifying for the UEFA Champions League Final and beat Juventus 1-0 thanks to a goal from Predrag MijatoviÄ.
The current era (2000-present)
The Real Madrid players in 2007.
A few months after his eighth European title, Real Madrid elect a new president in July 2000 and was elected Spanish businessman, Florentino PĂ©rez. In his campaign he promised to erase the club's debt and modernize the club's facilities. But the key promise that propelled PĂ©rez to victory was the election of purchase LuĂs Figo from arch-rivals Madrid, which Barcelona. The following year, the club build a new training camp and use the money they can from the previous year to begin recruiting star players-which by the Spanish journalist referred to as "Los Galacticos"-by signing players such as Zinedine Zidane, Ronaldo, LuĂs Figo, Roberto Carlos, RaĂșl GonzĂĄlez, and David Beckham. Could be a debate when the players were purchased by Perez failed to support the achievement of the club, but successfully covered by the ninth Madrid Champions League title in 2002 which followed the Intercontinental Cup title the same year and topped the La Liga title in 2003. But from 2003 to 2006, though filled with rows of star players, the club failed to win any trophies.
RamĂłn CalderĂłn was elected as club president on 2 July 2006 and then he lifted Fabio Capello as the new coach and Predrag MijatoviÄ as the new director of football. Real Madrid won the La Liga title in 2007 for the first time in four years. But just moments after winning the title, Capello was subsequently fired. In the 2007-2008 season, Real Madrid won the domestic league for the 31st time under the German coach, Bernd Schuster.
On 1 June 2009, Florentino PĂ©rez became president of Real Madrid again and survive to this day. PĂ©rez continued with the tradition of signing the buy KakĂĄ from AC Milan and later bought Cristiano Ronaldo of Manchester United's transfer record with the price of 80 million pounds sterling. Under the controversial coach of Portugal, Jose Mourinho, Real Madrid won the La Liga title for the 32nd time in the 2011-12 season.
Domestic title
La Liga
Champion (32): 1931-32, 1932-33, 1953-54, 1954-55, 1956-57, 1957-58, 1960-61, 1961-62, 1962-63, 1963-64, 1964-65, 1966 -67, 1967-68, 1968-69, 1971-72, 1974-75, 1975-76, 1977-78, 1978-79, 1979-80, 1985-86, 1986-87, 1987-88, 1988-89 , 1989-90, 1994-95, 1996-97, 2000-01, 2002-03, 2006-07, 2007-08, 2011-12
Ranked second (20): 1929, 1933-34, 1934-35, 1935-36, 1941-42, 1944-45, 1958-59, 1959-60, 1965-66, 1980-81, 1982-83, 1983 - 84, 1991-92, 1992-93, 1998-99, 2004-05, 2005-06, 2008-09, 2009-10, 2010-11
Copa del Rey
Champion (18): 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1917, 1934, 1936, 1946, 1947, 1962, 1970, 1973-74, 1974-75, 1980, 1981-82, 1988-89, 1992-93, 2010 -11
Runner-up (19): 1903, 1916, 1918, 1924, 1929, 1930, 1933, 1940, 1943, 1958, 1960, 1961, 1968, 1978-79, 1982-83, 1989-90, 1991-92, 2001 - 02, 2003-04
Spanish Super Cup
Champion (9): 1988, 1989 *, 1990, 1993, 1997, 2001, 2003, 2008, 2012
Runner-up (4): 1982, 1995, 2007, 2011
(* Won Copa del Rey and La Liga)
Copa Eva Duarte (the predecessor of the Spanish Super Cup)
Champion (1): 1947
Copa de la Liga [71]
Champion (1): 1985
Runner-up (1): 1983
European title
Champions Cup / Champions League
Champion (9): 1955-56 *, 1956-57, 1957-58, 1958-59, 1959-60, 1965-66, 1997-98, 1999-2000, 2001-02
The runner (3): 1961-62, 1963-64, 1980-81
(* Champion for the first time in history)
UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League
Champion (2): 1984-85, 1985-86
UEFA Cup Winners
Runner-up (2): 1970-71, 1982-83
UEFA Super Cup [75]
Champion (1): 2002
Runner-up (2): 1998, 2000
World title
FIFA Club World Cup.svg Intercontinental Cup (the predecessor of the FIFA Club World Cup)
Champion (3): 1960, 1998, 2002
Runner-up (2): 1966, 2000
User name: Los Blancos (White Team)
Los Merengues (Tim Meringue)
Los Vikingos (Team Viking)
Established: March 6, 1902 (110 years ago) as Madrid Club de FĂștbol
Stadium: Estadio Santiago Bernabéu, Madrid, Spain (Capacity: 81,254)
Honorary President: Alfredo Di Stéfano
President: Florentino PĂ©rez
Head Coach: José Mourinho
League: La Liga (2011-2012 Position Champion)
Website: Official Website clubs
Real Madrid Club de FĂștbol (Spanish pronunciation: [real maĂ°ÉŸiĂ° kluÎČ de futÎČol]), or commonly known as Real Madrid alone, is a professional football club based in the city of Madrid, Spain. Founded on March 6, 1902 with the name of the Madrid Club de FĂștbol, the team is using the title Real ("of the kingdom") after King Alfonso XIII of Spain gave official permission to the club in June 1920. Real Madrid have been playing in the Spanish League First Division (Primera DivisiĂłn) is referred to as La Liga since the beginning of this competition began, in 1928, and is the most successful club in Spain by number of trophies they have achieved. With FC Barcelona and Athletic Bilbao, the club has become one of the clubs who have been relegated to a lower division. The club is also one of the best clubs 20th century by FIFA. They have won 32 La Liga titles, 18 Copa del Rey, 8 Spanish Super Cups, 9 Champions Cup / UEFA Champions League, 2 UEFA Cups, 1 UEFA Super Cup and 3 Intercontinental Cups.
Real Madrid is the traditional costume of white-white, so nicknamed Los Merengues (white team). Cage stadium is the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium with a capacity of 80,354 spectators. Real Madrid itself has a pretty fierce rivalry, especially with Barcelona (known as El Clåsico) and city rivals Atletico Madrid (known as El Derbi madrileño).
Since the 2000s, Real Madrid is known as a team that likes to buy expensive players are world class, so it is given a new nickname, the Los Galacticos (team galaxy). The club is also known as one of the richest clubs in the world, with revenues of 438.6 million euros in 2011.
Beginning of Real Madrid started when football was introduced to Madrid by the academics and students of Institución libre de enseñanza that included several graduates of the University of Oxford and University of Cambridge. They founded Football Club Sky in 1897 which then often play football regularly on Sunday mornings at Moncloa. The club was later split into two in 1900, namely: New Foot-Ball de Madrid and Club Español de Madrid. The latter club split again in 1902 which resulted in the formation of Madrid Football Club on 6 March 1902. [1] Three years after its foundation, in 1905, Madrid FC first title after defeating Athletic Bilbao in the Copa del Rey final. The club became one of the founding members of the Royal Spanish Football Federation on 4 January 1909 when club president Adolfo Meléndez signed the foundation agreement establishment of the Football Association of the Kingdom of Spain. With some reason, the club moved to Campo de O'Donnell in 1912. In 1920, the club's name was changed to Real Madrid after Alfonso XIII of Spain to allow the club to use the Real-kingdom-which means to this club.
In 1929, the Spanish league was founded. Real Madrid led the first league season until the last match, but it was a surprise when they were defeated by Athletic Bilbao which causes a degree that is almost certainly won, won by Barcelona. [8] Real Madrid finally managed to win their first league title in the 1931 season - 32. Real then successfully defended his title the following year and went on to become the first Spanish club to win La Liga twice in a row.
Era Santiago Bernabeu and European success (1945-1978)
Santiago Bernabéu Yeste became president of Real Madrid was elected in 1943. [10] [11] Under his leadership, Real Madrid and then successfully establishing the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium and the Ciudad Deportiva training club which previously had damaged the Spanish Civil War. In 1953, the Bernabeu and then start building the team by bringing foreign players, one of them being Alfredo Di Stéfano.
In 1955, based on an idea proposed by the French sports journalist and editor of L'Equipe, Gabriel Hanot, Bernabéu, Bedrignan, and Gusztåv Sebes created an experiment with a soccer tournament invites the best clubs from all over Europe. This tournament later became the basis of the UEFA Champions League took place at this time. Under the guidance Bernabéu, Real Madrid established itself as a major force in football, both in Spain and in Europe. Real Madrid won the European Cup five times in a row between 1956 and 1960, including a 7-3 victory over German side Eintracht Frankfurt in 1960. After the fifth consecutive success, Real permanently awarded the original cup tournament and earn the right to wear the UEFA badge of honor. Real Madrid went on to win the European Cup for a sixth time in 1966 defeating FK Partizan 2-1 in the final match with the composition of the team is composed entirely of Spanish nationality players, as well as being the first time in the history of the European game. This team became known by the nickname "Ye-ye". The name "Ye-yé" came from the "Yeah, yeah, yeah" chorus in the Beatles' song titled "She Loves You" after four members of the team posed for Diario Marca daily wear distinctive Beatle wigs. Generation "Ye-ye" also won the second Champions Cup in 1962 and 1964.
In the 1970s, Real Madrid won the league championship 5 times with 3 times Cup winners Spain. [16] Madrid then played in his first UEFA Cup Winners' Cup final in 1971 and lost by a score of 1-2 from the English club, Chelsea. On 2 July 1978, club president Santiago Bernabéu died while the World Cup is underway in Argentina. FIFA then imposed three days of mourning to honor him during the tournament. The following year, the club held Santiago Bernabéu Trophy Championship as a form of homage to the former president.
Up and down, generation Quinta del Buitre, and seventh European Cup (1980-2000)
In the early 1980s, Real Madrid like losing his grip on La Liga and they take a few years to get back again to get to the top through the help of a new star. The success of the new star is then called by the Spanish sports journalist as the era of La Quinta del Buitre generation ("Five Birds Nazar"), which is derived from the name of el Buitre ("eagles"), the nickname given to one of the players of Madrid at the time, Emilio Butragueño. Other members were Manuel Sanchis, Rafael MartĂn VĂĄzquez, Miguel Pardeza, and MĂchel. With La Quinta del Buitre (later reduced to four members when Miguel Pardeza leave the club and move to Real Zaragoza in 1986) and well-known players like goalkeeper Francisco Buyo, right-back Miguel PorlĂĄn Chendo, and Mexican striker Hugo SĂĄnchez, Real Madrid managed to get up and has the best power in mainland Spain and Europe during the second half of the 1980s. The results are also significant: they managed to win two UEFA Cups, five Spanish league titles in a row, one Spanish Cup and three Spanish Super Cups. In the early 1990s, La Quinta del Buitre officially parted ways after Rafael MartĂn VĂĄzquez, Emilio Butragueño and MĂchel leave the club.
In 1996, President Lorenzo Sanz appointed Fabio Capello as coach. Although his tenure lasted only one season, Real Madrid won the La Liga through contributions Roberto Carlos, Predrag MijatoviÄ, Davor Suker, and Clarence Seedorf who helped the local players like Raul Gonzalez, Fernando Hierro, IvĂĄn Zamorano, and Fernando Redondo. Real Madrid then add ammunition to the arrival of Fernando Morientes in 1997. They wait for 32 years to be victorious again in Europe finally ended in 1998 under manager Jupp Heynckes for successfully qualifying for the UEFA Champions League Final and beat Juventus 1-0 thanks to a goal from Predrag MijatoviÄ.
The current era (2000-present)
The Real Madrid players in 2007.
A few months after his eighth European title, Real Madrid elect a new president in July 2000 and was elected Spanish businessman, Florentino PĂ©rez. In his campaign he promised to erase the club's debt and modernize the club's facilities. But the key promise that propelled PĂ©rez to victory was the election of purchase LuĂs Figo from arch-rivals Madrid, which Barcelona. The following year, the club build a new training camp and use the money they can from the previous year to begin recruiting star players-which by the Spanish journalist referred to as "Los Galacticos"-by signing players such as Zinedine Zidane, Ronaldo, LuĂs Figo, Roberto Carlos, RaĂșl GonzĂĄlez, and David Beckham. Could be a debate when the players were purchased by Perez failed to support the achievement of the club, but successfully covered by the ninth Madrid Champions League title in 2002 which followed the Intercontinental Cup title the same year and topped the La Liga title in 2003. But from 2003 to 2006, though filled with rows of star players, the club failed to win any trophies.
RamĂłn CalderĂłn was elected as club president on 2 July 2006 and then he lifted Fabio Capello as the new coach and Predrag MijatoviÄ as the new director of football. Real Madrid won the La Liga title in 2007 for the first time in four years. But just moments after winning the title, Capello was subsequently fired. In the 2007-2008 season, Real Madrid won the domestic league for the 31st time under the German coach, Bernd Schuster.
On 1 June 2009, Florentino PĂ©rez became president of Real Madrid again and survive to this day. PĂ©rez continued with the tradition of signing the buy KakĂĄ from AC Milan and later bought Cristiano Ronaldo of Manchester United's transfer record with the price of 80 million pounds sterling. Under the controversial coach of Portugal, Jose Mourinho, Real Madrid won the La Liga title for the 32nd time in the 2011-12 season.
Domestic title
La Liga
Champion (32): 1931-32, 1932-33, 1953-54, 1954-55, 1956-57, 1957-58, 1960-61, 1961-62, 1962-63, 1963-64, 1964-65, 1966 -67, 1967-68, 1968-69, 1971-72, 1974-75, 1975-76, 1977-78, 1978-79, 1979-80, 1985-86, 1986-87, 1987-88, 1988-89 , 1989-90, 1994-95, 1996-97, 2000-01, 2002-03, 2006-07, 2007-08, 2011-12
Ranked second (20): 1929, 1933-34, 1934-35, 1935-36, 1941-42, 1944-45, 1958-59, 1959-60, 1965-66, 1980-81, 1982-83, 1983 - 84, 1991-92, 1992-93, 1998-99, 2004-05, 2005-06, 2008-09, 2009-10, 2010-11
Copa del Rey
Champion (18): 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1917, 1934, 1936, 1946, 1947, 1962, 1970, 1973-74, 1974-75, 1980, 1981-82, 1988-89, 1992-93, 2010 -11
Runner-up (19): 1903, 1916, 1918, 1924, 1929, 1930, 1933, 1940, 1943, 1958, 1960, 1961, 1968, 1978-79, 1982-83, 1989-90, 1991-92, 2001 - 02, 2003-04
Spanish Super Cup
Champion (9): 1988, 1989 *, 1990, 1993, 1997, 2001, 2003, 2008, 2012
Runner-up (4): 1982, 1995, 2007, 2011
(* Won Copa del Rey and La Liga)
Copa Eva Duarte (the predecessor of the Spanish Super Cup)
Champion (1): 1947
Copa de la Liga [71]
Champion (1): 1985
Runner-up (1): 1983
European title
Champions Cup / Champions League
Champion (9): 1955-56 *, 1956-57, 1957-58, 1958-59, 1959-60, 1965-66, 1997-98, 1999-2000, 2001-02
The runner (3): 1961-62, 1963-64, 1980-81
(* Champion for the first time in history)
UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League
Champion (2): 1984-85, 1985-86
UEFA Cup Winners
Runner-up (2): 1970-71, 1982-83
UEFA Super Cup [75]
Champion (1): 2002
Runner-up (2): 1998, 2000
World title
FIFA Club World Cup.svg Intercontinental Cup (the predecessor of the FIFA Club World Cup)
Champion (3): 1960, 1998, 2002
Runner-up (2): 1966, 2000
tulisan 6 ( tentang idola, uje)
BIOGRAPHY Ustad JEFRY, FORMER AND CURRENT addicts who turn Ustad BE FAMOUS
This handsome cleric preaching prompted selling. Jeffry Al Buchori life journey was severe. Turbulence and sharp turns. Process tremendous struggle he experienced until he finds a quiet life and reassuring. Consider the story that is very attractive starting this number.
Actually I do not want to tell you a lot about my past. Understandably, my past is very dark. However, after I thought, who knows my life's journey can be a lesson for others. Okay, I'm willing to share my experience with your readers. Insha Allah, no point.
I was born with the name Jeffry Al Buchori capital on 12 April 1973 in Jakarta. When I was born, my family had been settled in Jakarta. I was born as a middle child, I mean the 3rd child of five siblings. Three male biological brother, and the youngest is a girl. Like the brothers, the five of us pretty close relationship. Just to fight, anyway, it's natural. Moreover, the age range we are not far apart.
Apih (Jefri call to his father, Ed.), M. Ismail Capital, is a burly man native Ambon, while Umi, so I used to call my mother, Tatu original Mulyana Banten. Apih educate five of us very hard. But, if not, I will not feel the benefit as it is now. If we were to forget to pray or chant, oh, do not ask to be given Apih punishment. In terms of religion, Apih and Umi is strictly to educate us.
However, Umi is actually a mother who is very patient and gentle in dealing with their children. Apih any person who has always been an objective. He will defend his family desperately when his family is true. Instead, he did not hesitate to blame us if indeed done wrong.
Being in a family environment made me love the religiously devout religious instruction. When the 5 th grade, I've come to the provincial championship MTQ. In addition to religion, which is also my favorite lesson is art. For some reason, I love performing in front of crowds. Oh yes, after the increase of the classroom, from grade 3 I immediately jumped to the 5th grade. Be I class with the second sister.
Split personality
Graduating from elementary school, Apih put me and my two sisters to a modern boarding school in Balaraja, Tangerang. He wanted us to explore the religious instruction. Apparently not all wishes intercepted, all this because of mischief.
People say, the middle child is usually a bit naughty. I do not know the expression is true or not. Clearly it applies to me. As a middle child, I often make parents upset. At the school, I often acting.
Kenalakanku one, at other times praying, I was quietly sleeping. Another mischief, escape from boarding school to play or watch in cinema are common. As punishment, my head often Dibotaki. But, still I'm not a deterrent.
It seems like I have a split personality, yes. On the one hand I'm bad, on the other hand the desire to recite the holy verses so strong. There any religious activity, I was always involved. Together with my two sisters, I also had to make unscripted drama titled Way Back to God's competed in the pesantren. Our work turns out it was rated as a best drama schools.
In fact, I also won the race azan, race MTQ, and qasida. However, for some reason, I also never behind in delinquency. Staying in a boarding school environment, my bad behavior instead of diminishing, increasingly become. Peak, I'm tired of going to school in boarding school.
Finally, only four years old I was in boarding school. Two years before completing the lesson, I'm out. Then, put me Apih aliyah school (high school, Ed.). Apparently out of the schools did not make me feel better. I was a teenager who started it is getting naughty.
NIGHT WORLD KNOW
Indeed, hell, there is every religious event I never miss. However, I also always wanted when there are friends to invite to the school cafeteria. Not to snack, but do drugs! I also often vague and left without a clear purpose. Yeah, I'm like a bird from the cage off, fly uncontrollably.
The high school was bleak for me. Future that never complete. That is, I have no peers. Why? Yes, despite my age is still 15 years old, I was hanging out with a 20 year old boy. Courtship was with the older. In this school I only lasted a year. Moved to another high school, my daily is not much different. Even more severe.
From the introduction to a few friends, I know a new adventure. Age 16 years, I began to know the world of the night. I go to school only during the exam. For me, the important pass. I'd rather go to a disco to dance. Frankly, I was interested in dance at the disco. Each to there, secretly I always study the movement of people dancing. Then kutirukan.
I was a dancer, venturing from disco to disco one another, immersed in the world of night. When there are dance competitions, I try to participate. My effort was not in vain. Several times I managed to bring home the trophy as the best dancer. In addition, I also managed to be a dancer in Dufan in 1990, though only for a year. Until now there are so many of my friends are dancers there.
I also had been a photo model, and even join a fashion show in the discotheque. Maybe at that time I felt very cute, yes. But I think, these activities are still positive, although sometimes I like to drink. With all kebengalanku, 1990 I managed to graduate from high school.
MAIN Soap
I think I had the most terrible time after high school. The story is one of a dancer friend, introduced me to Aditya Gumai who was active in the acting world. Aditya I know the world of acting. At that time, we still dance training at the Taman Ismail Marzuki. At practice moved to the Youth Building at Senayan, I start playing soap operas. At first I just watched the players who were filming, while secretly learning.
I like to steal knowledge. Time to sleep in my dorm one near Jakarta Art Institute campus, I often stole the science as well as from the students. If they're college or practice, I often watched them.
Well, when the players were training soap opera, sometimes I replace one of them. Turns out I laughed. Because basically I love baseball people treated like that, I'd be encouraged. I practice acting more vigorous self-taught. Finally, when the senior has not been able to turn around, I've got a role. I asked Aditya playing soap operas. Casted time, I managed to get a role.
In 1990, I was playing soap operas Lightning Warrior. At that time, the soap opera is still underestimated by the movie star. However, Apih furiously against me. Why? Apparently Apih know exactly what kind of environment the film world. Previously, he also never played action films, among others, and the Flying Tiger Punch Chain. I beliaulah down the blood of art.
Opposed Apih not make footsteps receded. Maybe the way that I had to be like this. None of the restrictions that popped into my brain Apih kujadikan material for thought. Advice Apih no longer listen. Offer to play soap operas which made me more confident coming in, this is what I'm looking for. I do not want the desires of the parents because they feel myself completely. Eventually the conflict between me and my parents broke.
As perlawananku form in older people, I never went home. Moving bed at a friend's house. Kupanjangkan hair too. I felt I had no parents. In fact, it never crossed my mind that one day they will return to the bosom. I think only the sheer pleasure and my ego.
At the same time, the role of my career in the art world kept going. I increasingly get the excitement. After that, I got a role in the soap opera drama that also stars Broken Wings Dien Novita, Queen Tria, and the late WD Mochtar.
I increasingly feel my choice was not wrong after crowned as Best Male Actor in a Soap Opera Youth week 1991 held TVRI. I'm proud not to play, because it was won from the parents. Vanity intensified. I increasingly feel is the best for me, rather than my parents' choice.
***
"IN Kabah, I ask forgiveness GOD"
Offer to play soap operas came over to Jeff. Along with that, it gets lost in his world of darkness.
Since known soap operas, the more I liked the acting world. I do not care if Apih against me. However, lately I understand, behind etidaksetujuannya, in fact people keep a sense of pride. Parents stories, they're bringing the group to the Holy Land pilgrimage when I play Broken Wings soap opera aired.
Apparently, they watch sinetronku. Comment them proud of me. They admit, I found that I could excel. After that, I got many offers to play, among others, clear soap opera Love, Opera Three Ages, and longing. In addition to getting my name sticking out, the provision also continues to flow.
However, I'd be beside himself. Fame is not important to me. The important thing is to enjoy life. World continues kugeluti night. If to the discotheque, I did not forget to consume drugs. In fact, for the affairs of this one, I can say greedy. Normally, I take the first pill. I guess if you have not been "on", I drank another one. And so on.
Finally, I was very drunk. My vision became blurred. Want to see the watch in hand, I had to put it to my face, shaking his head and glaring eyes in order to see more clearly. Seriously, ya? That kebandelanku continues.
KIAN SEVERE ADDICTION
One day in 1992, Apih died of illness. I regret not playing because there has always ignored the advice Apih. Ahead of his departure, I was standing at his bedside in the hospital crying. Look at me like that, Apih say, men should not cry. Abstinence man tears. Imagine, even in his last moments were Apih still show a loving attitude to me that this ungodly.
That afternoon I was asked to go home and he gave me a fare. I complied. As soon as I get home, God took it. I had severe shock. When Apih buried, I went down to the grave and hugged his body. I do not want to move even though the tomb would be closed. I do not want to take his departure. I regret what I did. During Apih still alive, I do not ever want to listen to his words.
Since then, Umi raise the five of us. My life goes on. Not a good direction, but I went back in time as it used to. Previously remorse at being so haunted Apih, seemed to vanish. Kebandelanku even intensified after the death Apih. Arrogance is also bigger than before because they feel accomplished and have a lot of money. Nobody's hear it anymore advice.
When my friend advised, I snickered. Who is she that I have listened to his words? Greeting parents just do not kugubris. I'm drowning in my own world and become drug addicts. At that time, I was grounded because there is a problem at home. Whereas, in fact any reason, including broken home or a friend, is no excuse. Themselves alone the reason, because after all, we are the one who determines all that happens to us.
So, no need to carry around other people or circumstances. However, this kind of consciousness which may appear to me that the time was very arrogant? I'm getting away from God. In fact, there is a mosque next to my house. When the fasting in Ramadan was, I still perform immoral acts. Then, when Eid arrives and people bertakbir busy, I'm busy looking for loopholes instead of time and a place where I could commit adultery.
All religious knowledge and skills I had learned to read the Quran as missing. Lost my senses like. My addiction to drugs is also getting worse, even to experienced overdose and I almost died. Crime continues to do for the sake of moral evil.
NAME crossed
I need not tell the details about the crime that I did. Clearly, one day I was suffering with fear after doing a deed. I'm really scared! I'm so easy to be suspicious of anyone. I always prejudice on anything. Arrogance on the money and disappeared achievements replaced fear. I do every day is silent in the room, always thinking that everyone who comes will kill me. I was busy peering under the door, who knows there are people coming to kill me.
My ears are so very sensitive. I often thought he heard someone walking on the roof of the house wanted to kill me. I agonized for days, weeks, even months. People say I'm crazy.
At the same time, addiction to drugs included in the black list me the soap opera world. My name is crossed out. Nobody else would hire me as a player. In addition, the girls who was nearby was also away. I always include a playboy.
At the time I was alone, no Umi, which is already very often kusakiti his heart. Umi still loved me with great love. As bad as any person commented about me, Umi still good careful and patient. Her tears never dry to pray for their children, especially me to turn into better.
Umi sincere prayer God granted. It is remarkable, God shows His goodness to me. God gave me the opportunity to repent. This awareness emerged through a process that is so mencekamku.
Invited UMI UMRAH
Really, I felt very frightened when one day his own dream of seeing my corpse in a shroud. Between conscious and no, I was struck while asking myself. Is it true that my corpse? I was also tortured. That is, every bed I always dreamed of a scary incident. In bed, I got just suffering. I'm so scared to sleep. I fear those dreams come again.
I'm also afraid of death. And once I had a death-defying. Asks death came because I could no longer hold on when there is a problem with a girl. Actually trivial, right? But the problem itself kuberat-emphasis. The fear of death is what finally made me realize that there is not left in a state like this, that is, God.
I thought back to him and regret all of my actions during this time. Slowly, my situation improved. Consciousness came back. I met Umi, knees to apologize for all the sins that I did. Umi was remarkable. Whatever was disappoint such a way, he still love and forgive. Umi then asked me berumrah.
With my condition remains unstable and fragile, we set out for the Holy Land. This time I intend to recover and return to the path of Allah. There, I experienced some of the events that made me aware of my sins before. After Friday prayers in Medina, Umi took me to Raudhoh. I do not know what it is Raudhoh, but I followed it. Umi continue to ask forgiveness to God.
I got out, walked to the tomb of the Prophet Muhammad. I bersalawat. Once out of the door of the mosque, it feels like there is a pull. I tried mightily to walk, but could not. It feels very large force. I then leaned on the wall. The tears that had never been out, now flowing. I repent of my sins, and promised not to do it all again.
Like a movie is playing, all I ever did sin clearly imagined in my eyelid turns, ranging from small to large. Suddenly out of my mouth to God's forgiveness query sentence. In Mecca, the Kaaba before, I pressed the agency on the walls.
I leaned back, lifted hands for mercy, because I did too many sins. Suppose after returning from the Holy Land to sin again, I ask God to just pull out my life. However, if have benefits for others, I'm cured. I'm the first cavalier, now helpless. After returning to worship, I'm improving. I'm trying to survive in conditions that repentance, but it is difficult outstanding.
*****
PLANT LIFE SO BEAUTIFUL FAIRY
After repeated ups and downs, finally Jeffry back close to religion. Affectionate lover who eventually became his wife helped to plant his spirits. Ust struggle became quite severe until finally he finished a successful speaker. After umrah, I'm trying to live straight. However, again I was tempted. One night, me and my friends are planning to watch jazz in Ancol. I warned them not to take drugs, because
we have agreed to stop using. Apparently, one of my friends still bring smoking a joint. Apesnya, we raided the police in front of Hailai.
My other friends fled. Stay with me, my friend who brought smoking a joint, and one other friend. I find it hard blurred because the car we used was my car. Eventually the three of us were taken to the police station and detained. I removed because it was shown to carry. Umi phone I tried to explain this problem, but Umi will not take my calls.
The recipient phone even asked Umi to say, he was a son named Jeffrey. My heart is torn. Poignant it was recognized as a child by Umi. I confess, Umi must have been so painful heart. Imagine, I had previously been admitted to repent, even back the wrong way. Although I swear to God do not do drugs anymore, Umi no longer trust. That was the peak of anger Umi Really thankful, God is still pleased to help me. Came a beautiful girl in my life. He would accept me. Previously, many girls leave me alone so that I feel in love. Irawati Pipik girl named Dian's a cover of a teen magazine models 1995, from Semarang.
Cool when dating
(The following is a narrative Pipik: The first time I saw it was eating fried rice in Menteng circa 1996-1997. Longish hair. Then, I'm with Gugun Gondrong. My knowledge, Jeffry was a sitcom actress Longing, because I followed the story. I want to get acquainted with him, but Gugun forbid.
Not him, iftar time at home Pontjo Sutowo, I see him again. Her hair was cut short. I'm desperate to get acquainted. We started to close and call each other. I do not know when we were officially a couple, because baseball had "invented". He also never expressed love. Courtship time, she ignored him half dead.
Initially, his spirit may be as well. First we went out together, he came to the house in Kebun Orange, in the pouring rain from his home in Mangga Dua. Jeffry taxi ride in jeans and boots. He is just take the money of Rp 50 thousand, taking me at Mal Taman Anggrek. In the cinema, we like to watch on their own. He was silent during the movie.
Since then, we used to walk together, because our hobby is watching and eating. Getting close to him, the more I found out that he was a heavyweight drug users. My friends started to ask, why do I want to date him. I myself do not know exactly why. Perhaps compassion is already appearing in the heart that makes me want to survive. Touched my heart and did not want to leave him alone.
Of course nobody knew my family, because it is intentionally conceal. Maybe they just know now, after reading the story of her life in a variety of media. Meanwhile, I was busy touring out of town as a model, so we often do not see. Eventually we broke up. Time finally meet again, it turns out she has a boyfriend anymore. Because it is still dear, I often bring gifts and pay attention. After breaking up with her boyfriend Jeff, we get back together.)
Selling CAKE
Pipik very meaningful for me. He understands, caring and attentive to me. In fact, I was almost married someone else. It turns out God loves me. God showed, almost married a woman who was not for me. Pipik like an angel who came with great love. He gives confidence, to marry him would bring big changes in my life.
I went to Umi and ask permission to marry. Fabulous, Umi still accept me with all his affection. Sobbing, Umi let married. I myself am somewhat desperate. Therefore, I did not have anything. Body was emaciated, the eyes crinkle, and paranoid illness I suffered never healed. In fact, I do not even have a job.
To avoid immoral, under the hand we were married in 1999. My friends are now dead due to overdose, had attended the wedding. After that, we stayed at the Umi. About 4-5 months after that, we were legally married in Semarang.
But apparently not enough to stop the marriage kebandelanku. My wife also felt the sap. I never used drugs in front of him, and used the money to buy illicit goods.
Another difficulty, I and Pipik equally idle. We've tried to trade pie. Our evenings frying nuts, the contents of the next morning baking beans and milk. Then we dropped off to the bakery.
But maybe our luck is not there. The cake we made only sold a few pieces. In one day we just took home Rp 200-300. Finally we stopped selling cakes. We live out our lives with full of struggle as well as patience.
BOTH eat a plate
(Loyalty Pipik so extraordinary. Consider the following penuturannya. Feeling strong affection made steady marry him. I do not care anymore though he addicts, even experienced overdose and almost mad with paranoia. I experienced many extraordinary things with it . If you can not wait, maybe I'm not with him anymore.
First married, we lived in the house Umi. Although roughing, she who pay for our lives. Me and Jeff are both often eat a plate, because it's really nothing that can be eaten. It's hard to be a wife of a husband unemployed, especially after marriage I was no longer working.
But I'm sure God would not give ordeal on his people beyond his ability. I'm sure there must be something that will be given by God to me. Luckily, Umi is very dear to me.
I myself do not deterrent advise him to change lives. We both learn from each other to receive the advantages and disadvantages of each other. Slowly, his life began to change for the better, especially after I got pregnant. Perhaps he himself was tired of life as it is.)
LIFE IN THE WAY GOD
Slowly, I got back closer to religion. The big change happened in my life in 2000. At that time, Fathul Hayat, my second sister is half a year ago died of brain cancer, asked me to replace him gave Friday sermons in Mangga Dua. At the same time, he was asked to become a high priest in Singapore.
Fathul indeed a preacher. As long as he's in Singapore, all scheduled lectures given me. First lecture, I got a fee of Rp 35 thousand. Money in the envelope that I leave to Pipik. I told him, this is the first halal money I can give him. We hugged each other while bertangisan.
Furthermore, my brother asked me to start to become preachers. This is a way of life which is then chosen. How beautiful life in the way of Allah. I began speaking and invited to the seminar drugs in various places. However, the struggle is not as easy as turning the palm of the hand. Not all people want to listen to my lecture because I was a former drug user. But I tried to be patient.
Alhamdulillah, the longer the lecture more acceptable and more people. Even now, I was invited to lecture much everywhere, including outside the city and TV stations. I'm grateful to be accepted by all circles. I also want to preach to anyone. I want to have a panel of the congregation taklim transvestites. They, not you, also have the right to get propaganda.
Our happiness grew when in 2000, the birth of our first child, Adiba Kanza Az-Zahra. Two years later, a second son Mohammad Abidzan Algifari also present in our midst. They, also my wife, was the inspiration and strength dakwahku. Our life feels more complete.
Until now, I still continue to proceed trying to become a better person. Hopefully, this story could be considered good for life. My message, love of God and parents, as well as choose a good friend.
This handsome cleric preaching prompted selling. Jeffry Al Buchori life journey was severe. Turbulence and sharp turns. Process tremendous struggle he experienced until he finds a quiet life and reassuring. Consider the story that is very attractive starting this number.
Actually I do not want to tell you a lot about my past. Understandably, my past is very dark. However, after I thought, who knows my life's journey can be a lesson for others. Okay, I'm willing to share my experience with your readers. Insha Allah, no point.
I was born with the name Jeffry Al Buchori capital on 12 April 1973 in Jakarta. When I was born, my family had been settled in Jakarta. I was born as a middle child, I mean the 3rd child of five siblings. Three male biological brother, and the youngest is a girl. Like the brothers, the five of us pretty close relationship. Just to fight, anyway, it's natural. Moreover, the age range we are not far apart.
Apih (Jefri call to his father, Ed.), M. Ismail Capital, is a burly man native Ambon, while Umi, so I used to call my mother, Tatu original Mulyana Banten. Apih educate five of us very hard. But, if not, I will not feel the benefit as it is now. If we were to forget to pray or chant, oh, do not ask to be given Apih punishment. In terms of religion, Apih and Umi is strictly to educate us.
However, Umi is actually a mother who is very patient and gentle in dealing with their children. Apih any person who has always been an objective. He will defend his family desperately when his family is true. Instead, he did not hesitate to blame us if indeed done wrong.
Being in a family environment made me love the religiously devout religious instruction. When the 5 th grade, I've come to the provincial championship MTQ. In addition to religion, which is also my favorite lesson is art. For some reason, I love performing in front of crowds. Oh yes, after the increase of the classroom, from grade 3 I immediately jumped to the 5th grade. Be I class with the second sister.
Split personality
Graduating from elementary school, Apih put me and my two sisters to a modern boarding school in Balaraja, Tangerang. He wanted us to explore the religious instruction. Apparently not all wishes intercepted, all this because of mischief.
People say, the middle child is usually a bit naughty. I do not know the expression is true or not. Clearly it applies to me. As a middle child, I often make parents upset. At the school, I often acting.
Kenalakanku one, at other times praying, I was quietly sleeping. Another mischief, escape from boarding school to play or watch in cinema are common. As punishment, my head often Dibotaki. But, still I'm not a deterrent.
It seems like I have a split personality, yes. On the one hand I'm bad, on the other hand the desire to recite the holy verses so strong. There any religious activity, I was always involved. Together with my two sisters, I also had to make unscripted drama titled Way Back to God's competed in the pesantren. Our work turns out it was rated as a best drama schools.
In fact, I also won the race azan, race MTQ, and qasida. However, for some reason, I also never behind in delinquency. Staying in a boarding school environment, my bad behavior instead of diminishing, increasingly become. Peak, I'm tired of going to school in boarding school.
Finally, only four years old I was in boarding school. Two years before completing the lesson, I'm out. Then, put me Apih aliyah school (high school, Ed.). Apparently out of the schools did not make me feel better. I was a teenager who started it is getting naughty.
NIGHT WORLD KNOW
Indeed, hell, there is every religious event I never miss. However, I also always wanted when there are friends to invite to the school cafeteria. Not to snack, but do drugs! I also often vague and left without a clear purpose. Yeah, I'm like a bird from the cage off, fly uncontrollably.
The high school was bleak for me. Future that never complete. That is, I have no peers. Why? Yes, despite my age is still 15 years old, I was hanging out with a 20 year old boy. Courtship was with the older. In this school I only lasted a year. Moved to another high school, my daily is not much different. Even more severe.
From the introduction to a few friends, I know a new adventure. Age 16 years, I began to know the world of the night. I go to school only during the exam. For me, the important pass. I'd rather go to a disco to dance. Frankly, I was interested in dance at the disco. Each to there, secretly I always study the movement of people dancing. Then kutirukan.
I was a dancer, venturing from disco to disco one another, immersed in the world of night. When there are dance competitions, I try to participate. My effort was not in vain. Several times I managed to bring home the trophy as the best dancer. In addition, I also managed to be a dancer in Dufan in 1990, though only for a year. Until now there are so many of my friends are dancers there.
I also had been a photo model, and even join a fashion show in the discotheque. Maybe at that time I felt very cute, yes. But I think, these activities are still positive, although sometimes I like to drink. With all kebengalanku, 1990 I managed to graduate from high school.
MAIN Soap
I think I had the most terrible time after high school. The story is one of a dancer friend, introduced me to Aditya Gumai who was active in the acting world. Aditya I know the world of acting. At that time, we still dance training at the Taman Ismail Marzuki. At practice moved to the Youth Building at Senayan, I start playing soap operas. At first I just watched the players who were filming, while secretly learning.
I like to steal knowledge. Time to sleep in my dorm one near Jakarta Art Institute campus, I often stole the science as well as from the students. If they're college or practice, I often watched them.
Well, when the players were training soap opera, sometimes I replace one of them. Turns out I laughed. Because basically I love baseball people treated like that, I'd be encouraged. I practice acting more vigorous self-taught. Finally, when the senior has not been able to turn around, I've got a role. I asked Aditya playing soap operas. Casted time, I managed to get a role.
In 1990, I was playing soap operas Lightning Warrior. At that time, the soap opera is still underestimated by the movie star. However, Apih furiously against me. Why? Apparently Apih know exactly what kind of environment the film world. Previously, he also never played action films, among others, and the Flying Tiger Punch Chain. I beliaulah down the blood of art.
Opposed Apih not make footsteps receded. Maybe the way that I had to be like this. None of the restrictions that popped into my brain Apih kujadikan material for thought. Advice Apih no longer listen. Offer to play soap operas which made me more confident coming in, this is what I'm looking for. I do not want the desires of the parents because they feel myself completely. Eventually the conflict between me and my parents broke.
As perlawananku form in older people, I never went home. Moving bed at a friend's house. Kupanjangkan hair too. I felt I had no parents. In fact, it never crossed my mind that one day they will return to the bosom. I think only the sheer pleasure and my ego.
At the same time, the role of my career in the art world kept going. I increasingly get the excitement. After that, I got a role in the soap opera drama that also stars Broken Wings Dien Novita, Queen Tria, and the late WD Mochtar.
I increasingly feel my choice was not wrong after crowned as Best Male Actor in a Soap Opera Youth week 1991 held TVRI. I'm proud not to play, because it was won from the parents. Vanity intensified. I increasingly feel is the best for me, rather than my parents' choice.
***
"IN Kabah, I ask forgiveness GOD"
Offer to play soap operas came over to Jeff. Along with that, it gets lost in his world of darkness.
Since known soap operas, the more I liked the acting world. I do not care if Apih against me. However, lately I understand, behind etidaksetujuannya, in fact people keep a sense of pride. Parents stories, they're bringing the group to the Holy Land pilgrimage when I play Broken Wings soap opera aired.
Apparently, they watch sinetronku. Comment them proud of me. They admit, I found that I could excel. After that, I got many offers to play, among others, clear soap opera Love, Opera Three Ages, and longing. In addition to getting my name sticking out, the provision also continues to flow.
However, I'd be beside himself. Fame is not important to me. The important thing is to enjoy life. World continues kugeluti night. If to the discotheque, I did not forget to consume drugs. In fact, for the affairs of this one, I can say greedy. Normally, I take the first pill. I guess if you have not been "on", I drank another one. And so on.
Finally, I was very drunk. My vision became blurred. Want to see the watch in hand, I had to put it to my face, shaking his head and glaring eyes in order to see more clearly. Seriously, ya? That kebandelanku continues.
KIAN SEVERE ADDICTION
One day in 1992, Apih died of illness. I regret not playing because there has always ignored the advice Apih. Ahead of his departure, I was standing at his bedside in the hospital crying. Look at me like that, Apih say, men should not cry. Abstinence man tears. Imagine, even in his last moments were Apih still show a loving attitude to me that this ungodly.
That afternoon I was asked to go home and he gave me a fare. I complied. As soon as I get home, God took it. I had severe shock. When Apih buried, I went down to the grave and hugged his body. I do not want to move even though the tomb would be closed. I do not want to take his departure. I regret what I did. During Apih still alive, I do not ever want to listen to his words.
Since then, Umi raise the five of us. My life goes on. Not a good direction, but I went back in time as it used to. Previously remorse at being so haunted Apih, seemed to vanish. Kebandelanku even intensified after the death Apih. Arrogance is also bigger than before because they feel accomplished and have a lot of money. Nobody's hear it anymore advice.
When my friend advised, I snickered. Who is she that I have listened to his words? Greeting parents just do not kugubris. I'm drowning in my own world and become drug addicts. At that time, I was grounded because there is a problem at home. Whereas, in fact any reason, including broken home or a friend, is no excuse. Themselves alone the reason, because after all, we are the one who determines all that happens to us.
So, no need to carry around other people or circumstances. However, this kind of consciousness which may appear to me that the time was very arrogant? I'm getting away from God. In fact, there is a mosque next to my house. When the fasting in Ramadan was, I still perform immoral acts. Then, when Eid arrives and people bertakbir busy, I'm busy looking for loopholes instead of time and a place where I could commit adultery.
All religious knowledge and skills I had learned to read the Quran as missing. Lost my senses like. My addiction to drugs is also getting worse, even to experienced overdose and I almost died. Crime continues to do for the sake of moral evil.
NAME crossed
I need not tell the details about the crime that I did. Clearly, one day I was suffering with fear after doing a deed. I'm really scared! I'm so easy to be suspicious of anyone. I always prejudice on anything. Arrogance on the money and disappeared achievements replaced fear. I do every day is silent in the room, always thinking that everyone who comes will kill me. I was busy peering under the door, who knows there are people coming to kill me.
My ears are so very sensitive. I often thought he heard someone walking on the roof of the house wanted to kill me. I agonized for days, weeks, even months. People say I'm crazy.
At the same time, addiction to drugs included in the black list me the soap opera world. My name is crossed out. Nobody else would hire me as a player. In addition, the girls who was nearby was also away. I always include a playboy.
At the time I was alone, no Umi, which is already very often kusakiti his heart. Umi still loved me with great love. As bad as any person commented about me, Umi still good careful and patient. Her tears never dry to pray for their children, especially me to turn into better.
Umi sincere prayer God granted. It is remarkable, God shows His goodness to me. God gave me the opportunity to repent. This awareness emerged through a process that is so mencekamku.
Invited UMI UMRAH
Really, I felt very frightened when one day his own dream of seeing my corpse in a shroud. Between conscious and no, I was struck while asking myself. Is it true that my corpse? I was also tortured. That is, every bed I always dreamed of a scary incident. In bed, I got just suffering. I'm so scared to sleep. I fear those dreams come again.
I'm also afraid of death. And once I had a death-defying. Asks death came because I could no longer hold on when there is a problem with a girl. Actually trivial, right? But the problem itself kuberat-emphasis. The fear of death is what finally made me realize that there is not left in a state like this, that is, God.
I thought back to him and regret all of my actions during this time. Slowly, my situation improved. Consciousness came back. I met Umi, knees to apologize for all the sins that I did. Umi was remarkable. Whatever was disappoint such a way, he still love and forgive. Umi then asked me berumrah.
With my condition remains unstable and fragile, we set out for the Holy Land. This time I intend to recover and return to the path of Allah. There, I experienced some of the events that made me aware of my sins before. After Friday prayers in Medina, Umi took me to Raudhoh. I do not know what it is Raudhoh, but I followed it. Umi continue to ask forgiveness to God.
I got out, walked to the tomb of the Prophet Muhammad. I bersalawat. Once out of the door of the mosque, it feels like there is a pull. I tried mightily to walk, but could not. It feels very large force. I then leaned on the wall. The tears that had never been out, now flowing. I repent of my sins, and promised not to do it all again.
Like a movie is playing, all I ever did sin clearly imagined in my eyelid turns, ranging from small to large. Suddenly out of my mouth to God's forgiveness query sentence. In Mecca, the Kaaba before, I pressed the agency on the walls.
I leaned back, lifted hands for mercy, because I did too many sins. Suppose after returning from the Holy Land to sin again, I ask God to just pull out my life. However, if have benefits for others, I'm cured. I'm the first cavalier, now helpless. After returning to worship, I'm improving. I'm trying to survive in conditions that repentance, but it is difficult outstanding.
*****
PLANT LIFE SO BEAUTIFUL FAIRY
After repeated ups and downs, finally Jeffry back close to religion. Affectionate lover who eventually became his wife helped to plant his spirits. Ust struggle became quite severe until finally he finished a successful speaker. After umrah, I'm trying to live straight. However, again I was tempted. One night, me and my friends are planning to watch jazz in Ancol. I warned them not to take drugs, because
we have agreed to stop using. Apparently, one of my friends still bring smoking a joint. Apesnya, we raided the police in front of Hailai.
My other friends fled. Stay with me, my friend who brought smoking a joint, and one other friend. I find it hard blurred because the car we used was my car. Eventually the three of us were taken to the police station and detained. I removed because it was shown to carry. Umi phone I tried to explain this problem, but Umi will not take my calls.
The recipient phone even asked Umi to say, he was a son named Jeffrey. My heart is torn. Poignant it was recognized as a child by Umi. I confess, Umi must have been so painful heart. Imagine, I had previously been admitted to repent, even back the wrong way. Although I swear to God do not do drugs anymore, Umi no longer trust. That was the peak of anger Umi Really thankful, God is still pleased to help me. Came a beautiful girl in my life. He would accept me. Previously, many girls leave me alone so that I feel in love. Irawati Pipik girl named Dian's a cover of a teen magazine models 1995, from Semarang.
Cool when dating
(The following is a narrative Pipik: The first time I saw it was eating fried rice in Menteng circa 1996-1997. Longish hair. Then, I'm with Gugun Gondrong. My knowledge, Jeffry was a sitcom actress Longing, because I followed the story. I want to get acquainted with him, but Gugun forbid.
Not him, iftar time at home Pontjo Sutowo, I see him again. Her hair was cut short. I'm desperate to get acquainted. We started to close and call each other. I do not know when we were officially a couple, because baseball had "invented". He also never expressed love. Courtship time, she ignored him half dead.
Initially, his spirit may be as well. First we went out together, he came to the house in Kebun Orange, in the pouring rain from his home in Mangga Dua. Jeffry taxi ride in jeans and boots. He is just take the money of Rp 50 thousand, taking me at Mal Taman Anggrek. In the cinema, we like to watch on their own. He was silent during the movie.
Since then, we used to walk together, because our hobby is watching and eating. Getting close to him, the more I found out that he was a heavyweight drug users. My friends started to ask, why do I want to date him. I myself do not know exactly why. Perhaps compassion is already appearing in the heart that makes me want to survive. Touched my heart and did not want to leave him alone.
Of course nobody knew my family, because it is intentionally conceal. Maybe they just know now, after reading the story of her life in a variety of media. Meanwhile, I was busy touring out of town as a model, so we often do not see. Eventually we broke up. Time finally meet again, it turns out she has a boyfriend anymore. Because it is still dear, I often bring gifts and pay attention. After breaking up with her boyfriend Jeff, we get back together.)
Selling CAKE
Pipik very meaningful for me. He understands, caring and attentive to me. In fact, I was almost married someone else. It turns out God loves me. God showed, almost married a woman who was not for me. Pipik like an angel who came with great love. He gives confidence, to marry him would bring big changes in my life.
I went to Umi and ask permission to marry. Fabulous, Umi still accept me with all his affection. Sobbing, Umi let married. I myself am somewhat desperate. Therefore, I did not have anything. Body was emaciated, the eyes crinkle, and paranoid illness I suffered never healed. In fact, I do not even have a job.
To avoid immoral, under the hand we were married in 1999. My friends are now dead due to overdose, had attended the wedding. After that, we stayed at the Umi. About 4-5 months after that, we were legally married in Semarang.
But apparently not enough to stop the marriage kebandelanku. My wife also felt the sap. I never used drugs in front of him, and used the money to buy illicit goods.
Another difficulty, I and Pipik equally idle. We've tried to trade pie. Our evenings frying nuts, the contents of the next morning baking beans and milk. Then we dropped off to the bakery.
But maybe our luck is not there. The cake we made only sold a few pieces. In one day we just took home Rp 200-300. Finally we stopped selling cakes. We live out our lives with full of struggle as well as patience.
BOTH eat a plate
(Loyalty Pipik so extraordinary. Consider the following penuturannya. Feeling strong affection made steady marry him. I do not care anymore though he addicts, even experienced overdose and almost mad with paranoia. I experienced many extraordinary things with it . If you can not wait, maybe I'm not with him anymore.
First married, we lived in the house Umi. Although roughing, she who pay for our lives. Me and Jeff are both often eat a plate, because it's really nothing that can be eaten. It's hard to be a wife of a husband unemployed, especially after marriage I was no longer working.
But I'm sure God would not give ordeal on his people beyond his ability. I'm sure there must be something that will be given by God to me. Luckily, Umi is very dear to me.
I myself do not deterrent advise him to change lives. We both learn from each other to receive the advantages and disadvantages of each other. Slowly, his life began to change for the better, especially after I got pregnant. Perhaps he himself was tired of life as it is.)
LIFE IN THE WAY GOD
Slowly, I got back closer to religion. The big change happened in my life in 2000. At that time, Fathul Hayat, my second sister is half a year ago died of brain cancer, asked me to replace him gave Friday sermons in Mangga Dua. At the same time, he was asked to become a high priest in Singapore.
Fathul indeed a preacher. As long as he's in Singapore, all scheduled lectures given me. First lecture, I got a fee of Rp 35 thousand. Money in the envelope that I leave to Pipik. I told him, this is the first halal money I can give him. We hugged each other while bertangisan.
Furthermore, my brother asked me to start to become preachers. This is a way of life which is then chosen. How beautiful life in the way of Allah. I began speaking and invited to the seminar drugs in various places. However, the struggle is not as easy as turning the palm of the hand. Not all people want to listen to my lecture because I was a former drug user. But I tried to be patient.
Alhamdulillah, the longer the lecture more acceptable and more people. Even now, I was invited to lecture much everywhere, including outside the city and TV stations. I'm grateful to be accepted by all circles. I also want to preach to anyone. I want to have a panel of the congregation taklim transvestites. They, not you, also have the right to get propaganda.
Our happiness grew when in 2000, the birth of our first child, Adiba Kanza Az-Zahra. Two years later, a second son Mohammad Abidzan Algifari also present in our midst. They, also my wife, was the inspiration and strength dakwahku. Our life feels more complete.
Until now, I still continue to proceed trying to become a better person. Hopefully, this story could be considered good for life. My message, love of God and parents, as well as choose a good friend.
tulisan 5 ( puisi tentang rasulullah)
RINDU SANG RASULALLAH
Puisi Husnul Khtotimah
Hari hari berlalu
Siang pun telah berganti malam
Berabad-abad sudah berlalu
namun namamu masih melekat di hatiku
tak pernah aku bertemu atau berjumpa denganmu
tak pernah aku melihat langsung dakwahmu
namun sinar cahaya itu mampu menebus zaman dan ruang
menembus perbedaan di antara seluruh umat manusia
cahaya itu tak pernah redup sampai akhir zaman
Ya Nabi,Ya Rasulullah
begitu agung namamu
bergetar hati ini , menangis , rindu bertemu dengan mu
rindu pada suri tauladan yang kau berikan
rindu pada kesederhanaan dan kepedulianmu
rindu pada kedamaian yang kau ciptakan
Ya Nabi,Ya Rasulullah
Betapa indah akhlaqmu
Bagai cahaya keindahan al-Quran
Rindu kami padamu sepanjang waktu
Engkaulah cermin bagi hidup kami
Engkaulah petunjuk perjalanan kami
Engkaulah mata air hati dan pikiran kami
Wahai teladan yang tak pernah padam
Ya Nabi,Ya Rasulullah
Betapa suci akhlaqmu
Bagai cahaya kesucian al-Quran
Hadirkanlah cintamu dalam ibadah kami
Ajarkanlah ketabahanmu dalam doa kami
Puisi Husnul Khtotimah
Hari hari berlalu
Siang pun telah berganti malam
Berabad-abad sudah berlalu
namun namamu masih melekat di hatiku
tak pernah aku bertemu atau berjumpa denganmu
tak pernah aku melihat langsung dakwahmu
namun sinar cahaya itu mampu menebus zaman dan ruang
menembus perbedaan di antara seluruh umat manusia
cahaya itu tak pernah redup sampai akhir zaman
Ya Nabi,Ya Rasulullah
begitu agung namamu
bergetar hati ini , menangis , rindu bertemu dengan mu
rindu pada suri tauladan yang kau berikan
rindu pada kesederhanaan dan kepedulianmu
rindu pada kedamaian yang kau ciptakan
Ya Nabi,Ya Rasulullah
Betapa indah akhlaqmu
Bagai cahaya keindahan al-Quran
Rindu kami padamu sepanjang waktu
Engkaulah cermin bagi hidup kami
Engkaulah petunjuk perjalanan kami
Engkaulah mata air hati dan pikiran kami
Wahai teladan yang tak pernah padam
Ya Nabi,Ya Rasulullah
Betapa suci akhlaqmu
Bagai cahaya kesucian al-Quran
Hadirkanlah cintamu dalam ibadah kami
Ajarkanlah ketabahanmu dalam doa kami
tulisan 4 ( puisi tentang guru)
To my teacher…
Oh my teacher…
let me praise you,
for you sprouted me out,
from a darkened life.
Oh my teacher…
show me -
your magical spirit..
by which you made-
the darkness to light.
oh my teacher…
let me thank you…
for which you, quenched my thirst-
for knowledge.
My teacher…,
thank you…
for you took out-
words from my throat-
and you showed me to-
make finest garland,
by those words…
My teacher…
you showed me,
the stars….
pointing up the sky..,
saying ‘its stars…-
..shining stars…
..glittering…, twinkling…’
My teacher…
it’s because of you,
i loved butterflies…,
and green grasshoppers..!
and it’s because of you..
that i have,
dreams; unending.
My teacher..
i am always
indebted….for your deeds..
for the lifeline..
which you -
in my forehead!
My teacher….,
ne’er let your lamp-
to be gone into darkness.
My teacher…
this is for you…
dedicated with..,
sincere respect.
Sumber: http://www.belajarbahasainggrisyuk.com/puisi-bahasa-inggris-tentang-guru/#ixzz2Sqh6zEIP
Oh my teacher…
let me praise you,
for you sprouted me out,
from a darkened life.
Oh my teacher…
show me -
your magical spirit..
by which you made-
the darkness to light.
oh my teacher…
let me thank you…
for which you, quenched my thirst-
for knowledge.
My teacher…,
thank you…
for you took out-
words from my throat-
and you showed me to-
make finest garland,
by those words…
My teacher…
you showed me,
the stars….
pointing up the sky..,
saying ‘its stars…-
..shining stars…
..glittering…, twinkling…’
My teacher…
it’s because of you,
i loved butterflies…,
and green grasshoppers..!
and it’s because of you..
that i have,
dreams; unending.
My teacher..
i am always
indebted….for your deeds..
for the lifeline..
which you -
in my forehead!
My teacher….,
ne’er let your lamp-
to be gone into darkness.
My teacher…
this is for you…
dedicated with..,
sincere respect.
Sumber: http://www.belajarbahasainggrisyuk.com/puisi-bahasa-inggris-tentang-guru/#ixzz2Sqh6zEIP
tulisan 3 ( puisi tentang ibu)
You Mom
You taught me to hold
Tears pouring rain
To always be patient in the trial
Prostration and kneeling on the Lord ...
You couplet formed by prayer
Take care of the crime
Sweep me away by the dust
That will make me fall ...
You are an inspiration in life
Leads to sweep the obstacles
With that build confidence
Patience and care to create ...
You are a hero throughout the ages
Sweat makes science
Crying makes light guide
Dusk making a new spirit ...
You set the clouds
Will not disappear by the moon
Your love is eternal
Until later I had a dream in a grave ...
Where you stand
Place last steps
Share Them all miss the place
And a place to complain ...
You (the mother) there is no indelible
By the swift exposure to sea
By the anger of the earth ground
My heart and will always be an integral ...
Versi Bahasa Indonesia
Engkau (Bunda)
Engkau mengajariku untuk menahan
Derasnya tangisan hujan
Agar selalu bersabar dalam cobaan
Dan bersimpuh sujud pada Tuhan…
Engkau sebait doa yang terbentuk
Menjagaku dari kejahatan waktu
Menjauhkanku oleh sapuan debu
Yang akan membuatku terjatuh…
Engkau inspirasi dalam kehidupan
Menuntun untuk menyapu rintangan
Dengan selalu membangun keyakinan
Dan hati tercipta kesabaran…
Engkau pahlawan sepanjang umur
Keringat menjadikannya ilmu
Tangis menjadikannya cahaya petunjuk
Senja menjadikannya semangat baru…
Engkau sekumpulan awan
Tak akan menghilang oleh rembulan
Kasih sayangmu adalah keabadian
Sampai nanti aku bermimpi dalam nisan…
Engkau tempat berpangku
Tempat bertahan langkahku
Tempat berbaginya segala rindu
Dan tempat untuk mengadu…
Engkau (bunda) tiada terhapuskan
Oleh derasnya terpaan lautan
Oleh amarah bumi pijakan
Selalu dihatiku dan takkan terpisahkan…
You taught me to hold
Tears pouring rain
To always be patient in the trial
Prostration and kneeling on the Lord ...
You couplet formed by prayer
Take care of the crime
Sweep me away by the dust
That will make me fall ...
You are an inspiration in life
Leads to sweep the obstacles
With that build confidence
Patience and care to create ...
You are a hero throughout the ages
Sweat makes science
Crying makes light guide
Dusk making a new spirit ...
You set the clouds
Will not disappear by the moon
Your love is eternal
Until later I had a dream in a grave ...
Where you stand
Place last steps
Share Them all miss the place
And a place to complain ...
You (the mother) there is no indelible
By the swift exposure to sea
By the anger of the earth ground
My heart and will always be an integral ...
Versi Bahasa Indonesia
Engkau (Bunda)
Engkau mengajariku untuk menahan
Derasnya tangisan hujan
Agar selalu bersabar dalam cobaan
Dan bersimpuh sujud pada Tuhan…
Engkau sebait doa yang terbentuk
Menjagaku dari kejahatan waktu
Menjauhkanku oleh sapuan debu
Yang akan membuatku terjatuh…
Engkau inspirasi dalam kehidupan
Menuntun untuk menyapu rintangan
Dengan selalu membangun keyakinan
Dan hati tercipta kesabaran…
Engkau pahlawan sepanjang umur
Keringat menjadikannya ilmu
Tangis menjadikannya cahaya petunjuk
Senja menjadikannya semangat baru…
Engkau sekumpulan awan
Tak akan menghilang oleh rembulan
Kasih sayangmu adalah keabadian
Sampai nanti aku bermimpi dalam nisan…
Engkau tempat berpangku
Tempat bertahan langkahku
Tempat berbaginya segala rindu
Dan tempat untuk mengadu…
Engkau (bunda) tiada terhapuskan
Oleh derasnya terpaan lautan
Oleh amarah bumi pijakan
Selalu dihatiku dan takkan terpisahkan…
tulisan 2 ( puisi tentang cinta)
With Love to You
With love to you… wherever you are.
My heart doth send to thee.
Rivers wide and mountains tall
Separate you from me.
Looking at pictures of you and I
Seems to bring you close.
But hearing our song being played
Brings you near the most.
I remember us dancing to that tune,
Under the shade of a tree.
That day in the park together,
Our spirits running wild and free.
Whenever I feel gloomy,
I think of you and can’t help but smile.
Though it doesn’t last forever,
At least it lasts for a while.
With love to you… wherever you are.
My heart doth send to thee.
Rivers wide and mountains tall
Separate you from me.
Looking at pictures of you and I
Seems to bring you close.
But hearing our song being played
Brings you near the most.
I remember us dancing to that tune,
Under the shade of a tree.
That day in the park together,
Our spirits running wild and free.
Whenever I feel gloomy,
I think of you and can’t help but smile.
Though it doesn’t last forever,
At least it lasts for a while.
tulisan 1 (puisi untuk sahabat)
Thanks for being there for me,
through good times and bad times.
I will be on your side even if the the world ends.
When the world is going,
I will be here,
now and until the end.
You’re my Best Friend very best friend.
The one that I look up to.
The one that I run to, when I have a problem.
The one that I talk to.
Your the one best friend that was always there for me.
I wanna thank you for all the things you gave and showed me.
arti :
Terima kasih untuk selalu ada disana untukku,
melalui saat-saat baik dan buruk.
Aku akan berada disisimu, bahkan jika dunia berakhir.
Ketika dunia berjalan,
Aku akan berada disini,
sekarang dan hingga akhir.
Kau sahabat terbaikku sangat sahabat baik.
Satu-satunya saat Aku menengadah.
Satu-satunya tempat Aku lari, ketika Aku memiliki masalah.
Satu-satunya yang Aku ajak bicara.
Kau satu-satunya teman terbaik yang selalu ada untukku.
Aku ingin berterima kasih atas semua hal yang Kau berikan dan tunjukkan padaku.
through good times and bad times.
I will be on your side even if the the world ends.
When the world is going,
I will be here,
now and until the end.
You’re my Best Friend very best friend.
The one that I look up to.
The one that I run to, when I have a problem.
The one that I talk to.
Your the one best friend that was always there for me.
I wanna thank you for all the things you gave and showed me.
arti :
Terima kasih untuk selalu ada disana untukku,
melalui saat-saat baik dan buruk.
Aku akan berada disisimu, bahkan jika dunia berakhir.
Ketika dunia berjalan,
Aku akan berada disini,
sekarang dan hingga akhir.
Kau sahabat terbaikku sangat sahabat baik.
Satu-satunya saat Aku menengadah.
Satu-satunya tempat Aku lari, ketika Aku memiliki masalah.
Satu-satunya yang Aku ajak bicara.
Kau satu-satunya teman terbaik yang selalu ada untukku.
Aku ingin berterima kasih atas semua hal yang Kau berikan dan tunjukkan padaku.
Rabu, 17 April 2013
tugas bahasa inggris 2
Tugas softskill bahasa inggris bisnis 2
Nama : suwardi
Npm : 14209794
1. Nobody know when the process of glass-making was invented.
A B C D
• Wrong answer is A. know
• Reason : Nobody is a singular subject. the sentence know should be followed by s / es.
• The correct sentence is Nobody knows when the process of glass-making was invented.
2. The languages of the world presents a vast array of structural
A B
similarities and differences.
C D
• Wrong answer is A. presents
• Reason : The languages is a plural subject. so that the sentence presents should not be followed by s / es.
• The correct sentence is The languages of the world present a vast array of structural similarities and differences.
3. The rise of multinationals have resulted in a great deal of legal ambiguity
A B
because multinationals can operate in so many jurisdictions.
C D
• Wrong answer is A. have
• Reason : The rise is a plural subject. The rise can be changed to "it" as an auxiliary verb. so have changed using tobe has Because (she / he / it)} has , (i/ you/they/we)} have.
• The correct sentence is The rise of multinationals has resulted in a great deal of legal ambiguity because multinationals can operate in so many jurisdictions.
4. All of the east-west interstate highways in the United States has even
A
numbers,while north-south interstate highways are odd-numbered.
B C D
• Wrong answer is A. has
• Reason : All of the east-west interstate highways is a plural subject. All of the east-west interstate highways in the United States can be changed to "They" as an auxiliary verb. so has changed using tobe have Because (i/ you/they/we)} have, (she / he / it)} has.
• The correct sentence is All of the east-west interstate highways in the United States have even numbers,while north-south interstate highways are odd-numbered.
5. When a massive star in the large Magellanic Cloud exploded in 1987, a wave of
A B
neutrinos were defected on Earth.
C D
• Wrong answer is C. were
• Reason : a wave of neutrinos is a singular subject, so were must follow with was the one of auxiliary verb for singular subject.
• The correct sentence is When a massive star in the large Magellanic Cloud exploded in 1987, a wave of neutrinos was defected on Earth.
6. Every open space in the targeted area that has grass and a few bushes
A B
are occupied by the white-crowned sparrow.
C D
• Wrong answer is C. are
• Reason : every open space is a singular subject. so are must be followed by is, not are.
• The correct sentence is Every open space in the targeted area that has grass and a few bushes is occupied by the white-crowned sparrow.
7. Krakatoa is remembered as the volcano that put so much ash into the
A B
air that sunsets around the world was affected for two years afterward.
C D
• Wrong answer is B. put
• Reason : krakatoa is a singular subject. the sentence put should be followed by s / es.
• The correct sentence is Krakatoa is remembered as the volcano that puts so much ash into the air that sunsets around the world was affected for two years afterward.
8. The term “Yankee” was originally a nickname for people from New
A
England, but now anyone from the United States are referred to as a
B C D
Yankee.
• Wrong answer is B. are
• Reason : Anyone is singular subject. so are must be followed by is, not are.
• The correct sentence is The term “Yankee” was originally a nickname for people from New England, but now anyone from the United States is referred to as a Yankee.
9. A network of small arteries,mostly sandwiched between the skin and the
A
underlying muscles, supply blood to the face and scalp
B C D
• Wrong answer is C. supply
• Reason : The underlying is singular subject. so the sentences supply must be followed by s/es.
• The correct sentence is A network of small arteries,mostly sandwiched between the skin and the underlying muscles, supplies blood to the face and scalp.
10. Mesquite is a small tree in the Southwest who can withstand the severest
A B C D
drought.
• Wrong answer is D. withstand
• Reason : Mesquite is a singular subject. So, the sentence withstand must be followed by s/es.
• The correct sentence is Mesquite is a small tree in the Southwest who can withstands the severest drought.
Nama : suwardi
Npm : 14209794
1. Nobody know when the process of glass-making was invented.
A B C D
• Wrong answer is A. know
• Reason : Nobody is a singular subject. the sentence know should be followed by s / es.
• The correct sentence is Nobody knows when the process of glass-making was invented.
2. The languages of the world presents a vast array of structural
A B
similarities and differences.
C D
• Wrong answer is A. presents
• Reason : The languages is a plural subject. so that the sentence presents should not be followed by s / es.
• The correct sentence is The languages of the world present a vast array of structural similarities and differences.
3. The rise of multinationals have resulted in a great deal of legal ambiguity
A B
because multinationals can operate in so many jurisdictions.
C D
• Wrong answer is A. have
• Reason : The rise is a plural subject. The rise can be changed to "it" as an auxiliary verb. so have changed using tobe has Because (she / he / it)} has , (i/ you/they/we)} have.
• The correct sentence is The rise of multinationals has resulted in a great deal of legal ambiguity because multinationals can operate in so many jurisdictions.
4. All of the east-west interstate highways in the United States has even
A
numbers,while north-south interstate highways are odd-numbered.
B C D
• Wrong answer is A. has
• Reason : All of the east-west interstate highways is a plural subject. All of the east-west interstate highways in the United States can be changed to "They" as an auxiliary verb. so has changed using tobe have Because (i/ you/they/we)} have, (she / he / it)} has.
• The correct sentence is All of the east-west interstate highways in the United States have even numbers,while north-south interstate highways are odd-numbered.
5. When a massive star in the large Magellanic Cloud exploded in 1987, a wave of
A B
neutrinos were defected on Earth.
C D
• Wrong answer is C. were
• Reason : a wave of neutrinos is a singular subject, so were must follow with was the one of auxiliary verb for singular subject.
• The correct sentence is When a massive star in the large Magellanic Cloud exploded in 1987, a wave of neutrinos was defected on Earth.
6. Every open space in the targeted area that has grass and a few bushes
A B
are occupied by the white-crowned sparrow.
C D
• Wrong answer is C. are
• Reason : every open space is a singular subject. so are must be followed by is, not are.
• The correct sentence is Every open space in the targeted area that has grass and a few bushes is occupied by the white-crowned sparrow.
7. Krakatoa is remembered as the volcano that put so much ash into the
A B
air that sunsets around the world was affected for two years afterward.
C D
• Wrong answer is B. put
• Reason : krakatoa is a singular subject. the sentence put should be followed by s / es.
• The correct sentence is Krakatoa is remembered as the volcano that puts so much ash into the air that sunsets around the world was affected for two years afterward.
8. The term “Yankee” was originally a nickname for people from New
A
England, but now anyone from the United States are referred to as a
B C D
Yankee.
• Wrong answer is B. are
• Reason : Anyone is singular subject. so are must be followed by is, not are.
• The correct sentence is The term “Yankee” was originally a nickname for people from New England, but now anyone from the United States is referred to as a Yankee.
9. A network of small arteries,mostly sandwiched between the skin and the
A
underlying muscles, supply blood to the face and scalp
B C D
• Wrong answer is C. supply
• Reason : The underlying is singular subject. so the sentences supply must be followed by s/es.
• The correct sentence is A network of small arteries,mostly sandwiched between the skin and the underlying muscles, supplies blood to the face and scalp.
10. Mesquite is a small tree in the Southwest who can withstand the severest
A B C D
drought.
• Wrong answer is D. withstand
• Reason : Mesquite is a singular subject. So, the sentence withstand must be followed by s/es.
• The correct sentence is Mesquite is a small tree in the Southwest who can withstands the severest drought.
Rabu, 27 Maret 2013
Tugas softskill 1 semester 8
Suwardi
14209794
4 EA 02
7. With her purse in her hand ran through the door.
Subject : With her purse
Verb : ran
Prepositional phrases : in
The sentence are right (R)
9. The plane from New York circling the airport.
Subject : The Plane
Verb : circling
Prepositional phrases : from
The sentence are right (R)
4. in 1867, …….. Alaska from the russiana for $7.2 milion.
a. purchased the united states c. the united states’ purchase of
b. to purchase the united states d. the united states purchased
(Answer : D. the united states purchased)
14209794
4 EA 02
7. With her purse in her hand ran through the door.
Subject : With her purse
Verb : ran
Prepositional phrases : in
The sentence are right (R)
9. The plane from New York circling the airport.
Subject : The Plane
Verb : circling
Prepositional phrases : from
The sentence are right (R)
4. in 1867, …….. Alaska from the russiana for $7.2 milion.
a. purchased the united states c. the united states’ purchase of
b. to purchase the united states d. the united states purchased
(Answer : D. the united states purchased)
Selasa, 27 November 2012
Kasus Kekerasan TKI Bukan Cerita Baru
Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat (LSM) yang mengurusi persoalan buruh dan tenaga kerja, Migrant Care menilai, brutalitas Malaysia dalam menangani tenaga kerja asal Indonesia tidak hanya terjadi sekarang. Pernyataan tersebut menyusul tewasnya tiga TKI di negeri jiran beberapa waktu lalu.
Menurut Direktur Migrant Care, Anis Hidayah, kasus kekerasan yang terjadi kepada TKI di Malaysia telah terjadi sejak puluhan tahun lalu. Pada 2005 silam, kata dia, TKI asal Flores juga ditembak kepolisian Malaysia dengan alasan kriminalitas.
Kejadian serupa terjadi pada pada Maret 2010 yang menimpa tiga TKI asal Lampung. Ketika itu, kata Anis, para kepolisian Malaysia menganggap tiga TKI yang ditembak itu adalah perampok dan pada saat akan diciduk, para TKI tersebut melawan. "Ini yang harus ditegaskan pemerintah. Kejadian serupa itu bukan satu dua kali," sebut dia dalam acara diskusi di Jakarta, Sabtu (27/4).
Padahal, SOP dalam penanganan kriminal di Malaysia adalah sama dengan yang dilakukan kepolisian di Indonesia. Karena itu, penembakan ke bagian organ orang yang dianggap kriminal baru bisa dilakukan dengan melewati sejumlah tahapan.
Anis mencontohkan, para pelaku tindak kejahatan yang menggunakan senjata tajam, bukan senjata akan lari atau diam ketika polisi melontarkan tembakan ke udara. Karena itu, ujar Anis, pernyataan kepolisian Malaysia yang mengatakan ada tindakan perlawanan sangatlah tidak masuk akal.
Selain itu, pihaknya menilai ikatan serumpun antara Indonesia dengan Malaysia bukanlah menjadi halangan pemerintah untuk mengambil tindakan tegas. Pasalnya, dengan kejadian tersebut, hak-hak warga negaralah yang dilanggar. Padahal, hak-hak tersebut seharusnya mendapat perlindungan dan jaminan dari pemerintah.
Karena itu, pihaknya mendesak agar menghentikan hubungan diplomatik di atas nyawa yang tidak dihargai. Apalagi, kata Anis, kasus-kasus serupa sudah sering terjadi dan belum mendapat penyelesaian hingga kini.
Menurut dia, kasus tewasnya tiga TKI kemarin harus menjadi titik akhir. Dalam hal tersebut, Migrant Care menilai perlu ada evaluasi secara keseluruhan atas diplomasi yang dibangun.
Selain itu, pemerintah juga harus membangun visi perlindungan terhadap para buruh melalui standar HAM internasional. Upaya tersebut, jelas Anis, yakni melalui membangun pola migrasi untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan buruh juga peningkatan perlindungan. "Presiden juga harus menjadi peristiwa pelanggaran HAM jadi bahan evaluasi bagi para menteri terkait," ujarnya.
Penyelesaian
Pemerintah harus membangun visi perlindungan terhadap para buruh melalui standar HAM internasional. Dan Perlu bantuan dari organisasi HAM internasional untuk mengawasi negara yang bersangkutan.
Analisis Sudut pandang buruh
Buruh harusnya berkaca terhadap banyaknya kasus serupa, dan tidak lagi menjadikan bekerja di negara orang itu menjadi satu-satunya solusi untuk menafkahi keluarga.
Analisis Sudut pandang majikan
Majikan selama ini tidak diberikan tekanan oleh pemerintah setempat dalam memperlakukan para TKI yang bekerja di rumahnya, sehingga mereka bisa memperlakukan dengan seenaknya.
Analisis Sudut pandang pemerintah
Pemerintah harus menjadikan peristiwa pelanggaran HAM ini jadi bahan evaluasi bagi para menteri terkait, karena kasus ini tidak bisa dibiarkan terus menerus, ini menyangkut hak asasi manusia.
Menurut Direktur Migrant Care, Anis Hidayah, kasus kekerasan yang terjadi kepada TKI di Malaysia telah terjadi sejak puluhan tahun lalu. Pada 2005 silam, kata dia, TKI asal Flores juga ditembak kepolisian Malaysia dengan alasan kriminalitas.
Kejadian serupa terjadi pada pada Maret 2010 yang menimpa tiga TKI asal Lampung. Ketika itu, kata Anis, para kepolisian Malaysia menganggap tiga TKI yang ditembak itu adalah perampok dan pada saat akan diciduk, para TKI tersebut melawan. "Ini yang harus ditegaskan pemerintah. Kejadian serupa itu bukan satu dua kali," sebut dia dalam acara diskusi di Jakarta, Sabtu (27/4).
Padahal, SOP dalam penanganan kriminal di Malaysia adalah sama dengan yang dilakukan kepolisian di Indonesia. Karena itu, penembakan ke bagian organ orang yang dianggap kriminal baru bisa dilakukan dengan melewati sejumlah tahapan.
Anis mencontohkan, para pelaku tindak kejahatan yang menggunakan senjata tajam, bukan senjata akan lari atau diam ketika polisi melontarkan tembakan ke udara. Karena itu, ujar Anis, pernyataan kepolisian Malaysia yang mengatakan ada tindakan perlawanan sangatlah tidak masuk akal.
Selain itu, pihaknya menilai ikatan serumpun antara Indonesia dengan Malaysia bukanlah menjadi halangan pemerintah untuk mengambil tindakan tegas. Pasalnya, dengan kejadian tersebut, hak-hak warga negaralah yang dilanggar. Padahal, hak-hak tersebut seharusnya mendapat perlindungan dan jaminan dari pemerintah.
Karena itu, pihaknya mendesak agar menghentikan hubungan diplomatik di atas nyawa yang tidak dihargai. Apalagi, kata Anis, kasus-kasus serupa sudah sering terjadi dan belum mendapat penyelesaian hingga kini.
Menurut dia, kasus tewasnya tiga TKI kemarin harus menjadi titik akhir. Dalam hal tersebut, Migrant Care menilai perlu ada evaluasi secara keseluruhan atas diplomasi yang dibangun.
Selain itu, pemerintah juga harus membangun visi perlindungan terhadap para buruh melalui standar HAM internasional. Upaya tersebut, jelas Anis, yakni melalui membangun pola migrasi untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan buruh juga peningkatan perlindungan. "Presiden juga harus menjadi peristiwa pelanggaran HAM jadi bahan evaluasi bagi para menteri terkait," ujarnya.
Penyelesaian
Pemerintah harus membangun visi perlindungan terhadap para buruh melalui standar HAM internasional. Dan Perlu bantuan dari organisasi HAM internasional untuk mengawasi negara yang bersangkutan.
Analisis Sudut pandang buruh
Buruh harusnya berkaca terhadap banyaknya kasus serupa, dan tidak lagi menjadikan bekerja di negara orang itu menjadi satu-satunya solusi untuk menafkahi keluarga.
Analisis Sudut pandang majikan
Majikan selama ini tidak diberikan tekanan oleh pemerintah setempat dalam memperlakukan para TKI yang bekerja di rumahnya, sehingga mereka bisa memperlakukan dengan seenaknya.
Analisis Sudut pandang pemerintah
Pemerintah harus menjadikan peristiwa pelanggaran HAM ini jadi bahan evaluasi bagi para menteri terkait, karena kasus ini tidak bisa dibiarkan terus menerus, ini menyangkut hak asasi manusia.
Jumat, 09 November 2012
Corporate Social Responsibility
Pengertian CSR
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) adalah suatu konsep bahwa organisasi, khususnya (namun bukan hanya) perusahaan adalah memiliki suatu tanggung jawab terhadap konsumen, karyawan, pemegang saham, komunitas dan lingkungan dalam segala aspek operasional perusahaan.
Manfaat Bagi Masyarakat
CSR memiliki manfaat bagi masyarakat, yaitu kepedulian kepada masyarakat sekitar/relasi komunitas dapat diartikan sangat luas, namun secara singkat dapat dimengerti sebagai peningkatan partisipasi dan posisi organisasi di dalam sebuah komunitas melalui berbagai upaya kemaslahatan bersama bagi organisasi dan komunitas. CSR bukanlah sekedar kegiatan amal, di mana CSR mengharuskan suatu perusahaan dalam pengambilan keputusannya agar dengan sungguh-sungguh memperhitungkan akibat terhadap seluruh pemangku kepentingan (stakeholder) perusahaan, termasuk lingkungan hidup. Hal ini mengharuskan perusahaan untuk membuat keseimbangan antara kepentingan beragam pemangku kepentingan eksternal dengan kepentingan pemegang saham, yang merupakan salah satu pemangku kepentingan internal.
Keuntungan Bagi Perusahaan
Bila CSR benar-benar dijalankan secara efektif maka dapat memperkuat atau meningkatkan akumulasi modal sosial dalam rangka meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat. Modal sosial, termasuk elemen-elemennya seperti kepercayaan, kohesifitas, altruisme, gotong royong, jaringan dan kolaborasi sosial memiliki pengaruh yang besar terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi. Melalui beragam mekanismenya, modal sosial dapat meningkatkan rasa tanggung jawab terhadap kepentingan publik, meluasnya partisipasi dalam proses demokrasi, menguatnya keserasian masyarakat dan menurunnya tingkat kekerasan dan kejahatan.
Perusahaan yang Menggunakan CSR
Pendahuluan
Tembakau adalah salah satu komoditas perkebunan di Indonesia. Dari segi botani, kebanyakan tanaman tembakau yang dibudidayakan sekarang ini adalah Nicotiana tabacum L. Nama Nicotiana diberikan oleh ahli botani Linnaeus pada tahun 1753, dengan mengambil sebagian nama duta besar berkebangsaan Perancis Jean Nicot de Villamain, beliau banyak berjasa dalam penyebaran tanaman tembakau di Eropa. Sedang kata tabacum atau tobacco tidak jelas aslinya tetapi kemungkinan berasal dan kata tobago yaitu sejenis pipa bercabang yang kala itu digunakan orang-orang Indian dengan menghisap asap melalui hidung atau mungkin pula berasal dari nama suatu pulau di India Barat, yaitu Tobago.
Tembakau dan industri yang menyertainya (industri rokok) telah berkembang pesat di Indonesia. Perusahaan rokok telah menjelma menjadi perusahaan raksasa di Indonesia. Dengan dana yang melimpah, perusahaan rokok di Indonesia melakukan kegiatan bisnis dan banyak kegiatan sosial yang dibalut dengan program Corporarte Social Responsilities (CSR). Tulisan ini akan membahas aktivitas CSR perusahaan rokok di Indonesia, apakah telah mencapai sasaran yaitu sebagai salah satu wujud sustainable development, atau hanya sekedar strategi marketing saja.
Sejarah Perkembangan Tembakau dan Industri Rokok di Indonesia
Masuknya tembakau di Indonesia diperkirakan bersamaan dengan kedatangan bangsa Spanyol atau Portugis, yaitu sekitar abad 16. Percobaan penanaman tembakau secara besar-besaran di Indonesia pertama kali dilakukan bangsa Belanda pada tahun 1830 oleh Van den Bosch melalui Cultuurstelsel, yaitu di sekitar Semarang, Jawa Tengah. Pada waktu itu, komoditas tembakau sangat dibutuhkan untuk memenuhi pabrik-pabrik rokok terutama jenis cerutu, untuk kepentingan orang-orang Belanda. Penanaman tersebut ternyata mengalami kegagalan dan mendatangkan kerugian, sehingga diadakan penghapusan peraturan Culturstelsel pada tanaman tembakau. Pada tahun 1856, Belanda mencoba kembali penanaman tembakau secara meluas di daerah Besuki, Jawa Timur. Jenis tembakau yang dibudayakan juga masih prioritas yang dibutuhkan, yaitu jenis cerutu.
Dua tahun kemudian, yaitu pada 1858 diadakan penanaman jenis tembakau cerutu lainnya di daerah Klaten. Sekitar tahun 1925 oleh Belanda didirikan Krosok-Central di Talun, Jawa Timur dalam usaha penanaman jenis tembakau sigaret Virginia. Perkembangan permintaan jenis tembakau sigaret yang makin meningkat, menyebabkan kemudian di beberapa daerah mulai dikembangkan dan telah dicoba penanamannya, antara lain di Lombok, Nusa Tenggara Barat; Lampung; Sumatra Selatan; sekitar Ujung Pandang, Sulawesi Se1atan. Sejauh kini hampir sebagian besar pengusahaan komoditas tembakau jenis cerutu dan jenis Virginia diusahakan oleh BUMN (Badan Usaha Milik Negara) dalam bentuk PT Perkebunan Nusantara. Lazim orang menyebut jenis tembakau yang diusahakan oleh Perkebunan dikenal dengan nama “tembakau perkebunan”.
Jenis virginia merupakan jenis tembakau untuk keperluan rokok sigaret. Permintaan pasar akan rokok sigaret, membuat jenis virgina banyak dibudidayakan. Permintaan pasar akan rokok sigaret yang besar, diimbangi pula oleh berdirinya pabrik-pabrik rokok di Indonesia. Hingga kini ada beberapa pabrik rokok yang mempunyai konsumen loyal yang sangat besar sehingga perusahaan tersebut menjelma menjadi perusahaan raksasa. Beberapa perusahaan rokok ternama di Indonesia adalah PT Djarum Indonesia dan PT. HM Samporena.
Corporate Social Responbilities (CSR )
Dalam undang-undang telah dikatakan bahwa perusahaan yang berstatus perseroan wajib melaksanakan tanggung jawab sosial dan lingkungan. Dalam UU PT, disebutkan pada Ayat 1 pasal 74 berbunyi ”Perseroan yang menjalankan kegiatan usahanya di bidang dan/atau berkaitan dengan sumberdaya alam wajib melaksanakan tanggung jawab sosial dan lingkungan”. Hal ini merupakan salah satu dari representasi dari kegiatan CSR sebuah perusahaan. Kalimat dalam undang-undang tersebut hanya merupakan salah satu dari sekian banyak dari definisi CSR.
Sampai saat ini belum disepakati tentang definisi CSR. Dengan tidak adanya kesepakatan ilmiah tentang CSR, maka konsekuensinya adalah bahwa setiap pihak dapat menginterpretasikan CSR sesuai kepentingan dan selera mereka. Banyak pendapat tentang definisi CSR. Namun secara umum dapat dimengerti bahwa CSR adalah kontribusi perusahaan untuk pencapaian tujuan pembangunan berkelanjutan. Pembangunan yang berkelanjutan merupakan kata kunci pada pengertian CSR. Kalau bukan ditujukan untuk pembangunan berkelanjutan negara di mana perusahaan itu berada, maka CSR tersebut merupakan sekadar kosmetik untuk perbaikan citra. Jadi, dengan menggunakan pembangunan berkelanjutan sebagai konsep kunci, ada perbedaan yang tegas antara CSR dan greenwash alias pengelabuan citra. CSR mengandung lima komponen penting, yaitu : ekonomi, sosial, lingkungan, pemangku kepentingan, dan voluntarisme. Komponen ekonomi, sosial dan lingkungan menekankan bahwa CSR dengan pembangunan berkelanjutan tidak dapat dipisahkan.
CSR dalam Perspektif Perusahaan
Bagi perusahaan, CSR dapat dipandang menjadi dua hal yang saling bertolak belakang, yaitu apakah CSR itu bersifat sukarela atau wajib. Beberapa ahli menyatakan CSR seharusnya didasarkan pada kesukarelaan dengan pendirian Ketua Panitia Khusus UU. Dengan demikian kegiatan CSR perusahaan harus diregulasi. Namun,sampai saat ini banyak perusahaan yang memandang CSR bukan sebagai kewajiban, tetapi suatu kesukarelaan.
Pemahaman yang dipromosikan oleh perusahaan-perusahaan yang berkomitmen CSR tinggi maupun banyak ahli yang sependapat adalah bahwa sukarela bukan berarti perusahaan bisa semaunya saja memilih untuk menjalankan atau tidak menjalankan tanggung jawabnya atau selektif terhadap tanggung jawab itu. Yang dimaksud dengan kesukarelaan adalah perusahaan juga menjalankan tanggung jawab yang tidak diatur oleh regulasi. Jadi, apa yang sudah diatur oleh pemerintah harus dipatuhi dahulu sepenuhnya, kemudian perusahaan menambahkan lagi hal-hal positif yang tidak diatur. Semakin banyak hal positif yang dilakukan perusahaan, padahal hal itu tidak diharuskan oleh pemerintah, maka kinerja CSR perusahaan itu semakin tinggi.
Undang-Undang Perseroan Terbatas mewajibkan perusahaan yang berbasis sumber daya alam menyisihkan anggaran untuk tanggung jawab sosial perusahaan dan lingkungan. Perdebatan banyak terjadi di seputar CSR yang seharusnya berlandaskan kerelaan, tetapi menjadi kewajiban. Tetapi karena sudah menjadi UU, yang bisa dilakukan adalah justru bagaimana merumuskan dalam peraturan pemerintah yang akan menjadi strategi baru dalam menjalankan perusahaannya. CSR telah mengalami perkembangan yang sangat pesat. Komisi Eropa membuat definisi yang lebih praktis, yang pada intinya adalah bagaimana perusahaan secara sukarela memberi kontribusi bagi terbentuknya masyarakat yang lebih baik dan lingkungan yang lebih bersih.
Tanggung jawab sosial ini diarahkan baik ke dalam (internal) maupun ke luar (eksternal) perusahaan. Ke dalam, tanggung jawab ini diarahkan kepada pemegang saham dalam bentuk profitabilitas dan pertumbuhan. Keluar, tanggung jawab sosial ini berkaitan dengan peran perusahaan sebagai pembayar pajak dan penyedia lapangan kerja, meningkatkan kesejahteraan dan kompetensi masyarakat, serta memelihara lingkungan bagi kepentingan generasi mendatang. Dengan hal ini dapat disimpulkan begitu luasnya makna CSR. Dapat digambarkan CSR sebagai sebuah piramida, yang tersusun dari tanggung jawab ekonomi sebagai landasannya, kemudian tanggung jawab hukum, lantas tanggung jawab etik, dan tanggung jawab filantropis berada di puncak piramida.
CSR Perusahaan Rokok di Indonesia, Kepedulian Sosial atau Strategi Pemasaran
PT. HM Sampoerna dengan dana yang melimpah, menawarkan kegiatan sosial yang dilakukan untuk kepentingan masyarakat. Tidak mau kalah dengan PT. HM Sampoerna, PT. Djarum Indonesia menawarkan banyak program yang dilakukan untuk masyarakat, antara lain Djarum Bakti Pendidikan, Djarum Bakti Lingkungan, dan Djarum Bakti Olahraga. Bentuk dari Djarum Bakti Pendidikan dan Djarum Bakti Olahraga adalah pemberian beasiswa kepada siswa berprestasi namun tidak mampu secara ekonomi atau siswa yang berprestasi baik di bidang akademik maupun olahraga (khususnya olahraga bulu tangkis).
Di mata sebagian besar pemilik perusahaan dan jajaran direksi perusahaan, istilah corporate social responsibility (CSR) dipandang hanya sebagai tindakan filantropi. CSR ditempatkan sebagai derma perusahaan atau bahkan sedekah pribadi. Selain itu, terdapat juga pandangan yang cukup kuat di mata pelaku bisnis yang memandang CSR sebagai strategi bisnis. CSR dijadikan sebagai instrumen untuk mencapai dan meningkatkan tujuan ekonomi melalui aktivitas sosial.
Dalam beberapa iklan rokok di televisi, dapat dilihat bahwa iklan rokok menyentuh sisi kepedulian sosial. Pemberian beasiswa pendidikan bagi masyarakat yang kurang mampu dipublikasikan secara dramatis, sehingga iklan rokok bukan saja mengagumkan, namun juga mampu menyentuh solidaritas kemanusiaan. Setelah PT. HM Sampoerna dengan jargon ”Sampoerna untuk Indonesia” banyak menampilkan sumbangsih mereka untuk mencerdasakan bangsa, belakangan PT Djarum menampilkan hal senada. Kendati sebagian orang mengetahui bahwa kegiatan ”Sampoerna untuk Indonesia” dikelola oleh Sampoerna Foundation yang secara manajerial terpisah dan independen dari PT HM Sampoerna, namun semua orang mafhum bahwa publikasi itu memiliki relasi dengan pemasaran (caused related marketing) dengan produk rokok Sampoerna. Demikian pula halnya Beasiswa Djarum atau Diklat Bulu Tangkis Djarum.
Hubungan CSR dengan Profitabilitas Perusahaan
Tanggung jawab ekonomi adalah memperoleh laba, sebuah tanggung jawab agar dapat menghidupi karyawan, membayar pajak dan kewajiban perusahaan yang lainnya. Tanpa laba perusahaan tidak akan eksis, tidak dapat memberi kontribusi apapun terhadap masyarakat. Artinya, CSR yang dalam dimensi filantropi yang biasanya bersifat kerelaan, dijadikan sebuah keharusan bagi perusahan yang berbasis sumberdaya alam. Penjabarannya mungkin lebih mengarah kepada community development yang tersirat dari judulnya “tanggung jawab sosial dan lingkungan” dan mengaitkannya dengan perusahaan berbasis sumberdaya alam. Dalam program community development telah terjadi pergeseran paradigma dalam pengembangan komunitas dari yang semula hanya bersifat ad hoc, pendekatan amal, berorientasi jangka pendek, kesadaran yang rendah, dan externally driven menjadi bersifat kemitraan, lebih dirasakan sebagai kewajiban moral, berorientasi kepada etika dan internally driven.
Riset yang dilakukan oleh Roper Search Worldwide menunjukkan 75% responden memberi nilai lebih kepada produk dan jasa yang dipasarkan oleh perusahaan yang memberi kontribusi nyata kepada komunitas melalui program pengembangan. Sekitar 66% responden juga menunjukkan mereka siap berganti merek kepada merek perusahaan yang memiliki citra sosial yang positif. Hal ini membuktikan terjadinya perluasan ”minat” konsumen dari ”produk” menuju korporat. Konsumen semacam ini tidak hanya peduli pada faktor pemenuhan kebutuhan pribadi sesaat saja, tetapi juga peduli pada penciptaan kesejahteraan jangka panjang. Meningkatnya tingkat kepedulian akan kualitas kehidupan, harmonisasi sosial dan lingkungan ini juga memengaruhi aktivitas dunia bisnis. Maka lahirlah gugatan terhadap peran perusahaan agar mempunyai tanggung jawab sosial. Di sinilah salah satu manfaat yang dapat dipetik perusahaan dari kegiatan CSR. CSR dapat mengimbangi exposure terhadap sisi negatif perusahaan dan mengurangi dampak terhadap tindakan yang tidak menyenangkan. Misalnya, jika suatu saat perusahaan menghadapi krisis. Aktivitas CSR yang efektif akan menumbuhkan kepercayaan masyarakat kepada perusahaan. Ketika perusahaan diterpa kabar miring, masyarakat tidak langsung percaya. satu manfaat yang dapat dipetik perusahaan dari kegiatan CSR.
Dalam perspektif ganda, keberadaan perusahaan diharapkan dapat memacu derak roda perekonomian, yang membawa komunitas menuju taraf hidup yang lebih tinggi. Dengan demikian harus ada keseimbangan manfaat komunitas (community benefits) dengan manfaat bisnis (business benefits), yang dapat diperoleh dari percampuran antara filantropi murni dan pendekatan business sponsorship approach yang melahirkan strategic philanthropy. Bahkan bila perlu diberikan insentif khusus bagi perusahaan yang konsisten menerapkan CSR atau community development secara efektif serta terbukti berhasil meningkatkan kualitas hidup masyarakat dan lingkungan sekitarnya, sehingga ada keseimbangan antara punishment berupa sanksi dan reward berupa insentif (misalnya keringanan pajak).
Strategi Pengelabuan Citra
Di tengah hiruk pikuknya iklan-iklan terkait CSR, ia mengingatkan bahwa banyak sekali kemungkinan iklan-iklan itu jatuh ke dalam kategori pengelabuan citra (greenwash) belaka. Citra perusahaan kerap dinyatakan sebagai variabel antara dalam hubungan antara kinerja CSR dengan kinerja finansial perusahaan. Ada beberapa hal yang dapat ditimbulkan oleh pengelabuan citra. Salah satunya adalah para konsumen yang beriktikad baik akan terperosok membeli produk yang sesungguhnya tidak berkinerja sebaik yang dijanjikan, sehingga peningkatan mutu lingkungan yang diharapkan oleh konsumen tersebut tidak terjadi. Dengan kerugian tersebut, maka pengelabuan citra oleh perusahaan memang harus diperangi.
Bagaimana dengan pengelabuan citra rokok? Rokok yang dikelompokkan sebagai produk dewasa dan bahkan tidak sedikit kalangan pengamat CSR yang mengategorikannya sebagai produk berbahaya— masuk ke dalam harmfull industries yang dianggap legal, setara dengan miras, judi dan senjata—tampil sedemikian elegan. Industri rokok memang sudah lama menjadi sponsor untuk berbagai event yang sama sekali bertentangan dengan kebiasaan merokok, seperti turnamen sepak bola, kejuaraan bulu tangkis, dan bahkan tidak sedikit menjadi sponsor utama untuk acara-acara keagamaan. Padahal, olahraga adalah upaya untuk meningkatkan kesehatan yang kerap disejajarkan dengan upaya menghindari rokok, sementara majoritas norma agama menganjurkan agar tidak merokok.
Event lain yang banyak disponsori industri rokok adalah pagelaran seni. Bahkan sebuah industri rokok secara rutin menyelenggarakan konser musik tahunan dengan tur berkeliling ke sejumlah kota-kota besar di Indonesia. Sekali lagi, pesannya pun dikemas sedemikian indah dan menyentuh sisi yang sangat positif. Hampir dalam semua kegiatan yang disponsori industri rokok, dengan publikasi yang besar-besaran dan nyaris menggunakan semua media publikasi, mulai dari televisi, radio, baliho, dan bahkan sampai dengan poster-poster yang ditempel di berbagai tempat. Juga, selalu mengutamakan pesan utama yang sepertinya tidak ada hubungannya dengan bahaya merokok.
Sesungguhnya baik pesan yang menunjukkan kepedulian pada penderitaan sosial, kesehatan, menjadi sahabat di saat duka dan menjadi teman di kala suka, dengan sangat mudah dipastikan bahwa itu semua merupakan strategi pemasaran. Bertambahnya jumlah pecandu perokok adalah tujuan utama dari kegiatan ini. Padahal, para dokter punya banyak daftar nama penyakit yang bakal diderita orang yang kecanduan rokok. Bahkan dalam setiap kemasan bungkus rokok, dicantumkan peringatan: ”Merokok dapat menyebabkan serangan jantung, impotensi dan gangguan kehamilan dan janin.”
Tampaknya strategi pengelabuan citra rokok ini berhasil. Pada peringatan pada tahun 2008, tema yang diangkat adalah membebaskan generasi muda dari asap rokok. Pada Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) yang dilakukan WHO sepanjang tahun 2004-2006 di Indonesia, diungkapkan bahwa 12,6% pelajar SMP adalah perokok. Untuk pelajar laki-laki mencapai seperempatnya (24,5%) dan perempuan 2,3%. Dan yang mengejutkan sebanyak 30,9% dari pelajar perokok tersebut mulai merokok sebelum umur 10 tahun dan 3,2% dari mereka termasuk dalam kategori kecanduan. Hasil lain penelitian itu adalah lebih dari sepertiga (37,3%) pelajar SMP Indonesia pernah merokok dengan persentase laki-laki 61,3% dan perempuan 15,5%. Sebanyak 64,2 % pelajar SMP menyatakan mereka telah menjadi perokok pasif. Kondisi lebih parah terjadi di tempat-tempat umum yaitu sebanyak 81,0% pelajar SMP menjadi perokok pasif.
Namun dari semua data negatif yang tersajikan, sekitar 88% pelajar SMP setuju adanya larangan merokok di tempat umum dan 75,9% pelajar perokok ingin berhenti merokok. Sayangnya, 85,5% dari mereka mengaku telah mencoba untuk berhenti namun gagal sehingga memutuskan untuk kembali merokok. Begitu tingginya aktivitas merokok di kalangan generasi muda jelas sangat memprihatinkan, karena hal ini berkorelasi langsung dengan kesehatan kualitas anak usia sekolah tersebut.
Efektifitas Strategi Pengelabuan Citra dengan Keberhasilan Pemasaran
Apa yang membuat anak muda dan orang dewasa tidak mampu bisa berhenti merokok atau kecanduan rokok. Jawabannya adalah iklan rokok yang marak muncul di stasiun TV. Komisi Nasional Perlindungan Anak (Komnas PA) yang melakukan survai tahun 2007 di 12 kota di indonesia dengan total responden 2.750 menyebutkan 97,3% pelajar mengaku pernah melihat iklan dan promosi rokok dan 83,7% responden pun mengaku bahwa mereka terinsipirasi untuk mulai merokok setelah melihat iklan, promosi dan kegiatan yang disponsori industri rokok.
Dalam catatan Komnas PA lainnya, sepanjang Januari-Oktober 2007 terdapat 2.848 tayangan televisi yang disponsori rokok di 13 stasiun televisi. Juga tercatat ada 1.350 kegiatan yang disponsori industri rokok, meliputi acara musik, olahraga, film layar lebar, seni dan budaya, hingga kegiatan keagamaan. Karena iklan rokok itu pulalah yang menjadi penyebab orang untuk mulai belajar merokok. Contoh yang konsisten adalah konser pertunjukan para musisi yang berasal dari dalam dan luar negeri yang sarat akan pengerahan massa hampir 100% disponsori oleh perusahaan rokok. Kegiatan olahraga di tingkat nasional juga menggunakan rokok sebagai sponsor utamanya. Ironis memang, kegiatan yang menekankan kreativitas dan sportivitas malah dibayari oleh rokok yang sebetulnya bertentangan makna dan tujuannya. Namun, perusahaan rokok juga menyambut dengan antusias kegiatan ini, yaitu dengan mengobral iklan produknya. Iklan-iklan tersebut yang selanjutnya ditonton, diperhatikan, ditiru dan bahkan dicoba oleh sebagian penonton, turutama anak usia sekolah yang sedang gemar dengan acara musik maupun olahraga.
Menetukan Arah CSR Perusahaan Rokok
Upaya-upaya yang dilakukan oleh industri rokok dalam menyiasati pembatasan iklan, di antaranya adalah melalui program CSR. Bagaimana industri rokok dilihat dari sudut pandang CSR? Secara umum dapat dinyatakan bahwa majoritas pakar CSR tidak ragu untuk menyatakan bahwa industri rokok tidak bisa dianggap sebagai industri yang bertanggung jawab sosial. Ada setidaknya tiga indikasi yang terkait dengan pendapat tersebut. Pertama, tidak satupun indeks socially responsible investment (SRI) yang menyertakan perusahaan rokok ke dalam portofolio investasinya.
Kedua, penolakan para pakar atas keterlibatan industri rokok dalam berbagai aktivitas ilmiah yang membahas CSR. Yang paling terkenal adalah penolakan puluhan pakar terhadap ketelibatan BAT dan Philip Morris dalam forum Ethical Corporation Asia di Hong Kong (14-15 Oktober 2004). Tadinya, kedua raksasa industri rokok tersebut terdaftar sebagai sponsor emas dan juga mengirimkan eksekutif puncaknya sebagai pembicara. Namun, sebuah petisi yang ditandatangani 86 pakar CSR dan etika bisnis, membuat keikutsertaan dua perusahaan tersebut dibatalkan oleh panitia. Ketiga, berbagai survei mutakhir menunjukkan bahwa seluruh pemangku kepentingan sepakat bahwa industri rokok adalah yang paling rendah kinerja CSR-nya. Artinya, telah terjadi kesepakatan global para pemangku kepentingan bahwa industri rokok memang tidak bisa dipandang bertanggung jawab.
Mengapa kesepakatan global ini muncul di kalangan penggiat CSR? Karena beberapa tahun belakangan telah tercapai kesadaran bahwa CSR bisa dimaknai dengan jelas, walaupun definisinya masih sangat beragam. Perbedaan definisi itu ini diketahui hanyalah merupakan perbedaan penekanan dan artikulasi, namun secara substansi tidaklah berbeda.
CSR jauh lebih luas dari sekedar pemberian sponsor, karena sebetulnya CSR adalah manajemen dampak. Timbal balik ke masyarakat juga hanya sebagian dari CSR, karena CSR terutama berkaitan dengan bagaimana keuntungan dibuat oleh perusahaan, bukan sekadar berapa dan kepada siapa keuntungan itu disebarkan. Citra positif adalah hasil menjalankan CSR dalam jangka panjang, namun citra bukanlah tujuan menjalankan CSR itu sendiri. Demikian juga dengan uang. Banyak riset telah membuktikan bahwa kinerja CSR dan kinerja financial perusahaan memang berkorelasi positif, namun uang (keuntungan) hanyalah dampak ikutan dari menjalankan CSR.
Kalau sebuah perusahaan rokok coba-coba untuk membuat klaim bahwa mereka adalah perusahaan yang bertangung jawab sosial, kita bisa menimbangnya dengan keharusan internalisasi eksternalitas di atas. Yang pertama-tama harus diperiksa adalah apakah memang dampak negatif dari produksnya telah ditekan hingga batas terendah yang mungkin? Belum tampak ada upaya masif dari industri rokok untuk mencegah anak-anak dan remaja merokok dengan menghilangkan akses mereka ke produk rokok dan berbagai iklannya. Industri ini juga sama sekali tak serius melindungi bukan perokok.
Dalam berbagai literatur CSR dinyatakan, apabila perusahaan tidak meminimumkan dan mengkompensasi dampak negatifnya terlebih dahulu, namun langsung terjun dalam kegiatan amal, itu disebut greenwash alias pengelabuan citra. Tampaknya inilah yang banyak terjadi pada industri rokok di manapun, termasuk di Indonesia.
Begitu juga dengan sinyal bahwa CSR adalah budi pekerti korporat. Jika budi pekerti tidak baik, maka masyarakat akan melihat budi pekerti korporat juga tidak baik. Pencitraan sebagai perusahaan dengan budi pekerti yang baik merupakan sebuah metode untuk mentransfer rival costs yang harus dikeluarkan perusahaan untuk menghadapi pesaing pada industri sejenis. Sebagai contoh PT. HM. Sampoerna yang mencitrakan dirinya sebagai perusahaan rokok yang menjalankan CSR melalui kepedulian pada pendidikan atau PT. Djarum Indonesia melalui program CSR penghijauan dan peduli lingkungan. Positioning tersebut menurunkan rival cost dengan perusahaan lain dalam satu industri, terutama dengan bentuk pasar yang oligopoli maka melalui strategi ini perusahaan mengirimkan sinyal positif sebagai perusahaan yang berbudi pekerti. Hasilnya diharapkan nilai perusahaan akan mengalami peningkatan atau dengan kata lain tujuan financial perusahaan akan tercapai.
Terlepas dari batas yang tipis antara sumbangsih sosial dan strategi pemasaran, sumbangsih mereka, jelas-jelas diakui membawa manfaat bagi kehidupan masyarakat. Namun yang perlu dipertanyakan adalah kegiatan CSR perusahaan rokok tersebut sudah tepat atau belum. Dampak terdekat dari kehadiran dan penggunaan produk rokok adalah soal kesehatan. Oleh karena itu seharusnya industri rokok banyak memprakarsai meminimumkan dampak negatif ini dibandingkan dengan memberikan sumbangsih bagi kegiatan hiburan dan mempublikasikan kegiatan solidaritas sosial. Demikian pula hanya dengan produk rokoknya sendiri. Dalam rangka menghindari dampak buruk bagi kesehatan, produk rokok selain mengedepankan soal cita rasa, sebaiknya juga menginformasikan kandungan dan batas toleransi racun dan tata cara merokok yang mungkin bisa meminimalisasi dampak negatif bagi kesehatan bagi konsumennya. Secara sosial, aktivitas merokok di ruang publik juga banyak dikeluhkan. Oleh karena itu, industri rokok juga seharusnya berperan aktif untuk menyosialisasikan larangan merokok di ruang publik dan membangun sarana-sarana smoking area. Dari sisi penonjolan kemewahan dan kebanggaan merokok, iklan rokok sudah sangat berhasil. Namun dari sisi pendidikan untuk perokok tentang bagaimana sebaiknya merokok dengan santun, hingga kini tak ada satu pun industri rokok yang mulai memprakarsainya.
Dalam soal supply chain, industri rokok merupakan salah satu industri yang memiliki mata rantai keterlibatan pelaku bisnis yang sangat panjang. Sejak petani tembakau dan cengkih sampai dengan penjaja rokok di pinggir jalan. Pertanyaan penting yang harus diajukan adalah: apa yang dilakukan oleh industri rokok untuk meningkatkan kehidupan merka yang terlibat di dalamnya? Apakah pembagian keuntungan yang relatif adil sudah terjadi, ataukah ketimpangan pendapatan yang menjadi ciri pelaku industri ini?
Kedermawanan perusahaan (corporate philanthropy) bisa diartikan sebagai inisiatif perusahaan untuk terlibat dalam upaya-upaya perbaikan kehidupan sosial. Alasan kemanusiaan pada mulanya menjadi motivasi utama tindakan ini. Dalam perkembangannya lebih lanjut, kegiatan ini berkembang menjadi sebuah tindakan strategis. Alasan membangun reputasi, causerelated marketing, dan bahkan secara diam-diam menghitung dampak dan peluang politik hadir dalam tindakan filantropis ini. Sepertinya ini terjadi karena sebagian besar perusahaa menempatkan diri sebagai diri sebagai perusahaan dermawan, untuk kemudian melakukan ekspansi pasar atas modal perolehan citra positif dari publik.
Sebagai sebuah tindakan, CSR tidak bisa dilepaskan dari tanggung jawab perusahaan untuk menimimalisasi dampak negatif dan maksimalisasi dampak positif. Untuk sementara, tampak bahwa kinerja CSR lebih banyak memokuskan diri pada maksimalisasi dampak positif dengan memberikan kontribusi pada aneka ragam kegiatan sosial. Pada umumnya CSR lebih sering memilih agenda sumbangan kepada korban bencana, bermain di sektor pendidikan dan kesehatan. Nyaris semua kegiatan CSR berhenti sampai di sini. Dan nyaris pula, mereka melupakan evaluasi dan kewajibannya untuk menimalisasi dampak negatif operasi perusahaannya.
Langkah Strategis Pelaksanaan CSR Perusahaan Rokok
Agar CSR menjadi sebuah langkah yang sustainable dan termasuk sebagai upaya minimalisasi dampak negatif dan maksimalisasi dampak positif, disarankan beberapa langkah manajerial yang sebaiknya diambil.
Pertama, melakukan review atas portfolio kegiatan dan program yang sudah berlangsung. Dalam melakukan review dilakukan perusahaan harus melihat apakah kegiatan yang selama ini dilakukan termasuk (i) communal obligation, sebuah kegiatan umum sebagaimana layaknya seorang warga negara. Ciri umum dari kategori ini adalah keterlibatan CSR dalam program pendidikan dan kesehatan; (ii) goodwill building, memberikan kontribusi dan dukungan penuh kepada seluruh karyawan, pelanggan, dan community leader dalam menjalin hubungan baik dan merangkai program company relationship jangka panjang. Dalam kategori ini CSR, juga dijadikan sebagai momentum untuk merangkai stakeholder engagement baik secara internal (khususnya employee dan supply chain) maupun secara eksternal (khususnya dengan pemerintah, organisasi masyarakat sipil, dan masyarakat secara umum); (iii) strategic giving, memberikan bantuan sesuai dengan core competence bisnis dan konteks kebutuhan lokal.
Dalam konteks ini, yang kegiatan CSR yang disarankan bagi perusahaan rokok adalah memperhatikan kesejahteraan para pelaku bisnis rokok yang sangat panjang. Sejak petani tembakau dan cengkih sampai dengan penjaja rokok di pinggir jalan. Peningkatan taraf hidup mereka yang terlibat di dalamnya. Dan menerapkan suatu sistem pembagian keuntungan yang relatif adil.
Kedua, melakukan penilaian atas resistensi—baik yang potensial maupun yang sudah eksis—dari inisiatif pemberian bantuan oleh perusahaan. Penilaian ini dilakukan dengan memerhatikan: (i) proses seleksi atas upaya pemberian bantuan terbaik; (ii) upaya memperlebar mitra dengan kelompok lain dalam memberikan bantuan; (iii) upaya-upaya dan proses-proses perbaikan kinerja pemberian bantuan; (iv) perolehan dampak perbaikan dan perluasan pengetahuan. Empat “saringan” ini diperhatikan dengan saksama demi terwujudnya nilai sosial dan ekonomi baru: terjadi keseimbangan atau titik temu antara semakin tingginya manfaat sosial dalam kegiatan filantropi murni dan manfaat ekonomi dalam kegiatan bisnis murni.
Ketiga, mencari opportunity untuk melakukan collective action di sebuah wilayah operasi bersama mitra lain. Mitra di sini baik berupa perusahaan lain maupun beragam para pemangku kepentingan yang memiliki competitive context sesuai dengan canangan program yang hendak dijalankan. Dalam konteks ini disarankan bagi perusahaan rokok bekerja sama dengan perusahaan rokok lain untuk membangun unit-unti smoking area dan mengkampanyekan hanya boleh merokok pada smoking area tersebut. Hal ini sebagai konsekuansi bahwa rokok sebenarnya mengganggu bagi orang-orang disekitarnya. Sebab hal ini sebenarnya yang dibutuhkan masyarakat yang bukan perokok.
Keempat, dengan penuh saksama melakukan jejak rekam (monitoring) dan mengevaluasi hasil. Temuan perolehan hal-hal unik yang mungkin berbeda sama sekali dengan langkah teks manajerial sebaiknya dijadikan sebagai input untuk perbaikan dan inovasi program tiada henti. Satu hal yang juga penting diperhatikan—kendati secara implisit sudah ditegaskan di muka, bahwa CSR juga membawa misi penyebaran nilai-nilai. Nyaris semua perusahaan besar dibangun atas nilai-nilai universal pendirinya dan berbagai program CSR juga sedikit banyak mencerminkan keinginan penyebaran nilai-nilai para pendiri bangunan dan jaringan bisnis ini. Nilai-nilai seperti kemandirian, upaya membantu sesama, komitmen pada kebersihan dan kejujuran, semangat dan kerja keras, seni bertahan dan mengaktualisasikan diri, serta sejumlah cita-cita yang berhubungan dengan nilai-nilai citizenship, juga merupakan item yang harus diperhatikan dengan saksama dalam melakukan CSR.
Secara keseluruhan langkah-langkah di atas haruslah bermuara pada keseimbangan antara kontribusi sosial, ekonomi, dan lingkungan dengan tentunya ditempatkan dalam kerangka upaya manajemen untuk meminimumkan dampak negatif rokok dan memaksimalkan dampak positif perusahaan rokok sesuai dengan bisnis yang dijalankan. Dan di sinilah titik temu makna tindakan CSR yang memberikan dampak positif bagi kehidupan sosial dan sekaligus mendatangkan manfaat ekonomi baik bagi masyarakat maupun perusahaan. Sepanjang keseimbangan ini dijaga dengan saksama, CSR bisa dipastikan diselenggarakan dengan penuh tanggung jawab.
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) adalah suatu konsep bahwa organisasi, khususnya (namun bukan hanya) perusahaan adalah memiliki suatu tanggung jawab terhadap konsumen, karyawan, pemegang saham, komunitas dan lingkungan dalam segala aspek operasional perusahaan.
Manfaat Bagi Masyarakat
CSR memiliki manfaat bagi masyarakat, yaitu kepedulian kepada masyarakat sekitar/relasi komunitas dapat diartikan sangat luas, namun secara singkat dapat dimengerti sebagai peningkatan partisipasi dan posisi organisasi di dalam sebuah komunitas melalui berbagai upaya kemaslahatan bersama bagi organisasi dan komunitas. CSR bukanlah sekedar kegiatan amal, di mana CSR mengharuskan suatu perusahaan dalam pengambilan keputusannya agar dengan sungguh-sungguh memperhitungkan akibat terhadap seluruh pemangku kepentingan (stakeholder) perusahaan, termasuk lingkungan hidup. Hal ini mengharuskan perusahaan untuk membuat keseimbangan antara kepentingan beragam pemangku kepentingan eksternal dengan kepentingan pemegang saham, yang merupakan salah satu pemangku kepentingan internal.
Keuntungan Bagi Perusahaan
Bila CSR benar-benar dijalankan secara efektif maka dapat memperkuat atau meningkatkan akumulasi modal sosial dalam rangka meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat. Modal sosial, termasuk elemen-elemennya seperti kepercayaan, kohesifitas, altruisme, gotong royong, jaringan dan kolaborasi sosial memiliki pengaruh yang besar terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi. Melalui beragam mekanismenya, modal sosial dapat meningkatkan rasa tanggung jawab terhadap kepentingan publik, meluasnya partisipasi dalam proses demokrasi, menguatnya keserasian masyarakat dan menurunnya tingkat kekerasan dan kejahatan.
Perusahaan yang Menggunakan CSR
Pendahuluan
Tembakau adalah salah satu komoditas perkebunan di Indonesia. Dari segi botani, kebanyakan tanaman tembakau yang dibudidayakan sekarang ini adalah Nicotiana tabacum L. Nama Nicotiana diberikan oleh ahli botani Linnaeus pada tahun 1753, dengan mengambil sebagian nama duta besar berkebangsaan Perancis Jean Nicot de Villamain, beliau banyak berjasa dalam penyebaran tanaman tembakau di Eropa. Sedang kata tabacum atau tobacco tidak jelas aslinya tetapi kemungkinan berasal dan kata tobago yaitu sejenis pipa bercabang yang kala itu digunakan orang-orang Indian dengan menghisap asap melalui hidung atau mungkin pula berasal dari nama suatu pulau di India Barat, yaitu Tobago.
Tembakau dan industri yang menyertainya (industri rokok) telah berkembang pesat di Indonesia. Perusahaan rokok telah menjelma menjadi perusahaan raksasa di Indonesia. Dengan dana yang melimpah, perusahaan rokok di Indonesia melakukan kegiatan bisnis dan banyak kegiatan sosial yang dibalut dengan program Corporarte Social Responsilities (CSR). Tulisan ini akan membahas aktivitas CSR perusahaan rokok di Indonesia, apakah telah mencapai sasaran yaitu sebagai salah satu wujud sustainable development, atau hanya sekedar strategi marketing saja.
Sejarah Perkembangan Tembakau dan Industri Rokok di Indonesia
Masuknya tembakau di Indonesia diperkirakan bersamaan dengan kedatangan bangsa Spanyol atau Portugis, yaitu sekitar abad 16. Percobaan penanaman tembakau secara besar-besaran di Indonesia pertama kali dilakukan bangsa Belanda pada tahun 1830 oleh Van den Bosch melalui Cultuurstelsel, yaitu di sekitar Semarang, Jawa Tengah. Pada waktu itu, komoditas tembakau sangat dibutuhkan untuk memenuhi pabrik-pabrik rokok terutama jenis cerutu, untuk kepentingan orang-orang Belanda. Penanaman tersebut ternyata mengalami kegagalan dan mendatangkan kerugian, sehingga diadakan penghapusan peraturan Culturstelsel pada tanaman tembakau. Pada tahun 1856, Belanda mencoba kembali penanaman tembakau secara meluas di daerah Besuki, Jawa Timur. Jenis tembakau yang dibudayakan juga masih prioritas yang dibutuhkan, yaitu jenis cerutu.
Dua tahun kemudian, yaitu pada 1858 diadakan penanaman jenis tembakau cerutu lainnya di daerah Klaten. Sekitar tahun 1925 oleh Belanda didirikan Krosok-Central di Talun, Jawa Timur dalam usaha penanaman jenis tembakau sigaret Virginia. Perkembangan permintaan jenis tembakau sigaret yang makin meningkat, menyebabkan kemudian di beberapa daerah mulai dikembangkan dan telah dicoba penanamannya, antara lain di Lombok, Nusa Tenggara Barat; Lampung; Sumatra Selatan; sekitar Ujung Pandang, Sulawesi Se1atan. Sejauh kini hampir sebagian besar pengusahaan komoditas tembakau jenis cerutu dan jenis Virginia diusahakan oleh BUMN (Badan Usaha Milik Negara) dalam bentuk PT Perkebunan Nusantara. Lazim orang menyebut jenis tembakau yang diusahakan oleh Perkebunan dikenal dengan nama “tembakau perkebunan”.
Jenis virginia merupakan jenis tembakau untuk keperluan rokok sigaret. Permintaan pasar akan rokok sigaret, membuat jenis virgina banyak dibudidayakan. Permintaan pasar akan rokok sigaret yang besar, diimbangi pula oleh berdirinya pabrik-pabrik rokok di Indonesia. Hingga kini ada beberapa pabrik rokok yang mempunyai konsumen loyal yang sangat besar sehingga perusahaan tersebut menjelma menjadi perusahaan raksasa. Beberapa perusahaan rokok ternama di Indonesia adalah PT Djarum Indonesia dan PT. HM Samporena.
Corporate Social Responbilities (CSR )
Dalam undang-undang telah dikatakan bahwa perusahaan yang berstatus perseroan wajib melaksanakan tanggung jawab sosial dan lingkungan. Dalam UU PT, disebutkan pada Ayat 1 pasal 74 berbunyi ”Perseroan yang menjalankan kegiatan usahanya di bidang dan/atau berkaitan dengan sumberdaya alam wajib melaksanakan tanggung jawab sosial dan lingkungan”. Hal ini merupakan salah satu dari representasi dari kegiatan CSR sebuah perusahaan. Kalimat dalam undang-undang tersebut hanya merupakan salah satu dari sekian banyak dari definisi CSR.
Sampai saat ini belum disepakati tentang definisi CSR. Dengan tidak adanya kesepakatan ilmiah tentang CSR, maka konsekuensinya adalah bahwa setiap pihak dapat menginterpretasikan CSR sesuai kepentingan dan selera mereka. Banyak pendapat tentang definisi CSR. Namun secara umum dapat dimengerti bahwa CSR adalah kontribusi perusahaan untuk pencapaian tujuan pembangunan berkelanjutan. Pembangunan yang berkelanjutan merupakan kata kunci pada pengertian CSR. Kalau bukan ditujukan untuk pembangunan berkelanjutan negara di mana perusahaan itu berada, maka CSR tersebut merupakan sekadar kosmetik untuk perbaikan citra. Jadi, dengan menggunakan pembangunan berkelanjutan sebagai konsep kunci, ada perbedaan yang tegas antara CSR dan greenwash alias pengelabuan citra. CSR mengandung lima komponen penting, yaitu : ekonomi, sosial, lingkungan, pemangku kepentingan, dan voluntarisme. Komponen ekonomi, sosial dan lingkungan menekankan bahwa CSR dengan pembangunan berkelanjutan tidak dapat dipisahkan.
CSR dalam Perspektif Perusahaan
Bagi perusahaan, CSR dapat dipandang menjadi dua hal yang saling bertolak belakang, yaitu apakah CSR itu bersifat sukarela atau wajib. Beberapa ahli menyatakan CSR seharusnya didasarkan pada kesukarelaan dengan pendirian Ketua Panitia Khusus UU. Dengan demikian kegiatan CSR perusahaan harus diregulasi. Namun,sampai saat ini banyak perusahaan yang memandang CSR bukan sebagai kewajiban, tetapi suatu kesukarelaan.
Pemahaman yang dipromosikan oleh perusahaan-perusahaan yang berkomitmen CSR tinggi maupun banyak ahli yang sependapat adalah bahwa sukarela bukan berarti perusahaan bisa semaunya saja memilih untuk menjalankan atau tidak menjalankan tanggung jawabnya atau selektif terhadap tanggung jawab itu. Yang dimaksud dengan kesukarelaan adalah perusahaan juga menjalankan tanggung jawab yang tidak diatur oleh regulasi. Jadi, apa yang sudah diatur oleh pemerintah harus dipatuhi dahulu sepenuhnya, kemudian perusahaan menambahkan lagi hal-hal positif yang tidak diatur. Semakin banyak hal positif yang dilakukan perusahaan, padahal hal itu tidak diharuskan oleh pemerintah, maka kinerja CSR perusahaan itu semakin tinggi.
Undang-Undang Perseroan Terbatas mewajibkan perusahaan yang berbasis sumber daya alam menyisihkan anggaran untuk tanggung jawab sosial perusahaan dan lingkungan. Perdebatan banyak terjadi di seputar CSR yang seharusnya berlandaskan kerelaan, tetapi menjadi kewajiban. Tetapi karena sudah menjadi UU, yang bisa dilakukan adalah justru bagaimana merumuskan dalam peraturan pemerintah yang akan menjadi strategi baru dalam menjalankan perusahaannya. CSR telah mengalami perkembangan yang sangat pesat. Komisi Eropa membuat definisi yang lebih praktis, yang pada intinya adalah bagaimana perusahaan secara sukarela memberi kontribusi bagi terbentuknya masyarakat yang lebih baik dan lingkungan yang lebih bersih.
Tanggung jawab sosial ini diarahkan baik ke dalam (internal) maupun ke luar (eksternal) perusahaan. Ke dalam, tanggung jawab ini diarahkan kepada pemegang saham dalam bentuk profitabilitas dan pertumbuhan. Keluar, tanggung jawab sosial ini berkaitan dengan peran perusahaan sebagai pembayar pajak dan penyedia lapangan kerja, meningkatkan kesejahteraan dan kompetensi masyarakat, serta memelihara lingkungan bagi kepentingan generasi mendatang. Dengan hal ini dapat disimpulkan begitu luasnya makna CSR. Dapat digambarkan CSR sebagai sebuah piramida, yang tersusun dari tanggung jawab ekonomi sebagai landasannya, kemudian tanggung jawab hukum, lantas tanggung jawab etik, dan tanggung jawab filantropis berada di puncak piramida.
CSR Perusahaan Rokok di Indonesia, Kepedulian Sosial atau Strategi Pemasaran
PT. HM Sampoerna dengan dana yang melimpah, menawarkan kegiatan sosial yang dilakukan untuk kepentingan masyarakat. Tidak mau kalah dengan PT. HM Sampoerna, PT. Djarum Indonesia menawarkan banyak program yang dilakukan untuk masyarakat, antara lain Djarum Bakti Pendidikan, Djarum Bakti Lingkungan, dan Djarum Bakti Olahraga. Bentuk dari Djarum Bakti Pendidikan dan Djarum Bakti Olahraga adalah pemberian beasiswa kepada siswa berprestasi namun tidak mampu secara ekonomi atau siswa yang berprestasi baik di bidang akademik maupun olahraga (khususnya olahraga bulu tangkis).
Di mata sebagian besar pemilik perusahaan dan jajaran direksi perusahaan, istilah corporate social responsibility (CSR) dipandang hanya sebagai tindakan filantropi. CSR ditempatkan sebagai derma perusahaan atau bahkan sedekah pribadi. Selain itu, terdapat juga pandangan yang cukup kuat di mata pelaku bisnis yang memandang CSR sebagai strategi bisnis. CSR dijadikan sebagai instrumen untuk mencapai dan meningkatkan tujuan ekonomi melalui aktivitas sosial.
Dalam beberapa iklan rokok di televisi, dapat dilihat bahwa iklan rokok menyentuh sisi kepedulian sosial. Pemberian beasiswa pendidikan bagi masyarakat yang kurang mampu dipublikasikan secara dramatis, sehingga iklan rokok bukan saja mengagumkan, namun juga mampu menyentuh solidaritas kemanusiaan. Setelah PT. HM Sampoerna dengan jargon ”Sampoerna untuk Indonesia” banyak menampilkan sumbangsih mereka untuk mencerdasakan bangsa, belakangan PT Djarum menampilkan hal senada. Kendati sebagian orang mengetahui bahwa kegiatan ”Sampoerna untuk Indonesia” dikelola oleh Sampoerna Foundation yang secara manajerial terpisah dan independen dari PT HM Sampoerna, namun semua orang mafhum bahwa publikasi itu memiliki relasi dengan pemasaran (caused related marketing) dengan produk rokok Sampoerna. Demikian pula halnya Beasiswa Djarum atau Diklat Bulu Tangkis Djarum.
Hubungan CSR dengan Profitabilitas Perusahaan
Tanggung jawab ekonomi adalah memperoleh laba, sebuah tanggung jawab agar dapat menghidupi karyawan, membayar pajak dan kewajiban perusahaan yang lainnya. Tanpa laba perusahaan tidak akan eksis, tidak dapat memberi kontribusi apapun terhadap masyarakat. Artinya, CSR yang dalam dimensi filantropi yang biasanya bersifat kerelaan, dijadikan sebuah keharusan bagi perusahan yang berbasis sumberdaya alam. Penjabarannya mungkin lebih mengarah kepada community development yang tersirat dari judulnya “tanggung jawab sosial dan lingkungan” dan mengaitkannya dengan perusahaan berbasis sumberdaya alam. Dalam program community development telah terjadi pergeseran paradigma dalam pengembangan komunitas dari yang semula hanya bersifat ad hoc, pendekatan amal, berorientasi jangka pendek, kesadaran yang rendah, dan externally driven menjadi bersifat kemitraan, lebih dirasakan sebagai kewajiban moral, berorientasi kepada etika dan internally driven.
Riset yang dilakukan oleh Roper Search Worldwide menunjukkan 75% responden memberi nilai lebih kepada produk dan jasa yang dipasarkan oleh perusahaan yang memberi kontribusi nyata kepada komunitas melalui program pengembangan. Sekitar 66% responden juga menunjukkan mereka siap berganti merek kepada merek perusahaan yang memiliki citra sosial yang positif. Hal ini membuktikan terjadinya perluasan ”minat” konsumen dari ”produk” menuju korporat. Konsumen semacam ini tidak hanya peduli pada faktor pemenuhan kebutuhan pribadi sesaat saja, tetapi juga peduli pada penciptaan kesejahteraan jangka panjang. Meningkatnya tingkat kepedulian akan kualitas kehidupan, harmonisasi sosial dan lingkungan ini juga memengaruhi aktivitas dunia bisnis. Maka lahirlah gugatan terhadap peran perusahaan agar mempunyai tanggung jawab sosial. Di sinilah salah satu manfaat yang dapat dipetik perusahaan dari kegiatan CSR. CSR dapat mengimbangi exposure terhadap sisi negatif perusahaan dan mengurangi dampak terhadap tindakan yang tidak menyenangkan. Misalnya, jika suatu saat perusahaan menghadapi krisis. Aktivitas CSR yang efektif akan menumbuhkan kepercayaan masyarakat kepada perusahaan. Ketika perusahaan diterpa kabar miring, masyarakat tidak langsung percaya. satu manfaat yang dapat dipetik perusahaan dari kegiatan CSR.
Dalam perspektif ganda, keberadaan perusahaan diharapkan dapat memacu derak roda perekonomian, yang membawa komunitas menuju taraf hidup yang lebih tinggi. Dengan demikian harus ada keseimbangan manfaat komunitas (community benefits) dengan manfaat bisnis (business benefits), yang dapat diperoleh dari percampuran antara filantropi murni dan pendekatan business sponsorship approach yang melahirkan strategic philanthropy. Bahkan bila perlu diberikan insentif khusus bagi perusahaan yang konsisten menerapkan CSR atau community development secara efektif serta terbukti berhasil meningkatkan kualitas hidup masyarakat dan lingkungan sekitarnya, sehingga ada keseimbangan antara punishment berupa sanksi dan reward berupa insentif (misalnya keringanan pajak).
Strategi Pengelabuan Citra
Di tengah hiruk pikuknya iklan-iklan terkait CSR, ia mengingatkan bahwa banyak sekali kemungkinan iklan-iklan itu jatuh ke dalam kategori pengelabuan citra (greenwash) belaka. Citra perusahaan kerap dinyatakan sebagai variabel antara dalam hubungan antara kinerja CSR dengan kinerja finansial perusahaan. Ada beberapa hal yang dapat ditimbulkan oleh pengelabuan citra. Salah satunya adalah para konsumen yang beriktikad baik akan terperosok membeli produk yang sesungguhnya tidak berkinerja sebaik yang dijanjikan, sehingga peningkatan mutu lingkungan yang diharapkan oleh konsumen tersebut tidak terjadi. Dengan kerugian tersebut, maka pengelabuan citra oleh perusahaan memang harus diperangi.
Bagaimana dengan pengelabuan citra rokok? Rokok yang dikelompokkan sebagai produk dewasa dan bahkan tidak sedikit kalangan pengamat CSR yang mengategorikannya sebagai produk berbahaya— masuk ke dalam harmfull industries yang dianggap legal, setara dengan miras, judi dan senjata—tampil sedemikian elegan. Industri rokok memang sudah lama menjadi sponsor untuk berbagai event yang sama sekali bertentangan dengan kebiasaan merokok, seperti turnamen sepak bola, kejuaraan bulu tangkis, dan bahkan tidak sedikit menjadi sponsor utama untuk acara-acara keagamaan. Padahal, olahraga adalah upaya untuk meningkatkan kesehatan yang kerap disejajarkan dengan upaya menghindari rokok, sementara majoritas norma agama menganjurkan agar tidak merokok.
Event lain yang banyak disponsori industri rokok adalah pagelaran seni. Bahkan sebuah industri rokok secara rutin menyelenggarakan konser musik tahunan dengan tur berkeliling ke sejumlah kota-kota besar di Indonesia. Sekali lagi, pesannya pun dikemas sedemikian indah dan menyentuh sisi yang sangat positif. Hampir dalam semua kegiatan yang disponsori industri rokok, dengan publikasi yang besar-besaran dan nyaris menggunakan semua media publikasi, mulai dari televisi, radio, baliho, dan bahkan sampai dengan poster-poster yang ditempel di berbagai tempat. Juga, selalu mengutamakan pesan utama yang sepertinya tidak ada hubungannya dengan bahaya merokok.
Sesungguhnya baik pesan yang menunjukkan kepedulian pada penderitaan sosial, kesehatan, menjadi sahabat di saat duka dan menjadi teman di kala suka, dengan sangat mudah dipastikan bahwa itu semua merupakan strategi pemasaran. Bertambahnya jumlah pecandu perokok adalah tujuan utama dari kegiatan ini. Padahal, para dokter punya banyak daftar nama penyakit yang bakal diderita orang yang kecanduan rokok. Bahkan dalam setiap kemasan bungkus rokok, dicantumkan peringatan: ”Merokok dapat menyebabkan serangan jantung, impotensi dan gangguan kehamilan dan janin.”
Tampaknya strategi pengelabuan citra rokok ini berhasil. Pada peringatan pada tahun 2008, tema yang diangkat adalah membebaskan generasi muda dari asap rokok. Pada Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) yang dilakukan WHO sepanjang tahun 2004-2006 di Indonesia, diungkapkan bahwa 12,6% pelajar SMP adalah perokok. Untuk pelajar laki-laki mencapai seperempatnya (24,5%) dan perempuan 2,3%. Dan yang mengejutkan sebanyak 30,9% dari pelajar perokok tersebut mulai merokok sebelum umur 10 tahun dan 3,2% dari mereka termasuk dalam kategori kecanduan. Hasil lain penelitian itu adalah lebih dari sepertiga (37,3%) pelajar SMP Indonesia pernah merokok dengan persentase laki-laki 61,3% dan perempuan 15,5%. Sebanyak 64,2 % pelajar SMP menyatakan mereka telah menjadi perokok pasif. Kondisi lebih parah terjadi di tempat-tempat umum yaitu sebanyak 81,0% pelajar SMP menjadi perokok pasif.
Namun dari semua data negatif yang tersajikan, sekitar 88% pelajar SMP setuju adanya larangan merokok di tempat umum dan 75,9% pelajar perokok ingin berhenti merokok. Sayangnya, 85,5% dari mereka mengaku telah mencoba untuk berhenti namun gagal sehingga memutuskan untuk kembali merokok. Begitu tingginya aktivitas merokok di kalangan generasi muda jelas sangat memprihatinkan, karena hal ini berkorelasi langsung dengan kesehatan kualitas anak usia sekolah tersebut.
Efektifitas Strategi Pengelabuan Citra dengan Keberhasilan Pemasaran
Apa yang membuat anak muda dan orang dewasa tidak mampu bisa berhenti merokok atau kecanduan rokok. Jawabannya adalah iklan rokok yang marak muncul di stasiun TV. Komisi Nasional Perlindungan Anak (Komnas PA) yang melakukan survai tahun 2007 di 12 kota di indonesia dengan total responden 2.750 menyebutkan 97,3% pelajar mengaku pernah melihat iklan dan promosi rokok dan 83,7% responden pun mengaku bahwa mereka terinsipirasi untuk mulai merokok setelah melihat iklan, promosi dan kegiatan yang disponsori industri rokok.
Dalam catatan Komnas PA lainnya, sepanjang Januari-Oktober 2007 terdapat 2.848 tayangan televisi yang disponsori rokok di 13 stasiun televisi. Juga tercatat ada 1.350 kegiatan yang disponsori industri rokok, meliputi acara musik, olahraga, film layar lebar, seni dan budaya, hingga kegiatan keagamaan. Karena iklan rokok itu pulalah yang menjadi penyebab orang untuk mulai belajar merokok. Contoh yang konsisten adalah konser pertunjukan para musisi yang berasal dari dalam dan luar negeri yang sarat akan pengerahan massa hampir 100% disponsori oleh perusahaan rokok. Kegiatan olahraga di tingkat nasional juga menggunakan rokok sebagai sponsor utamanya. Ironis memang, kegiatan yang menekankan kreativitas dan sportivitas malah dibayari oleh rokok yang sebetulnya bertentangan makna dan tujuannya. Namun, perusahaan rokok juga menyambut dengan antusias kegiatan ini, yaitu dengan mengobral iklan produknya. Iklan-iklan tersebut yang selanjutnya ditonton, diperhatikan, ditiru dan bahkan dicoba oleh sebagian penonton, turutama anak usia sekolah yang sedang gemar dengan acara musik maupun olahraga.
Menetukan Arah CSR Perusahaan Rokok
Upaya-upaya yang dilakukan oleh industri rokok dalam menyiasati pembatasan iklan, di antaranya adalah melalui program CSR. Bagaimana industri rokok dilihat dari sudut pandang CSR? Secara umum dapat dinyatakan bahwa majoritas pakar CSR tidak ragu untuk menyatakan bahwa industri rokok tidak bisa dianggap sebagai industri yang bertanggung jawab sosial. Ada setidaknya tiga indikasi yang terkait dengan pendapat tersebut. Pertama, tidak satupun indeks socially responsible investment (SRI) yang menyertakan perusahaan rokok ke dalam portofolio investasinya.
Kedua, penolakan para pakar atas keterlibatan industri rokok dalam berbagai aktivitas ilmiah yang membahas CSR. Yang paling terkenal adalah penolakan puluhan pakar terhadap ketelibatan BAT dan Philip Morris dalam forum Ethical Corporation Asia di Hong Kong (14-15 Oktober 2004). Tadinya, kedua raksasa industri rokok tersebut terdaftar sebagai sponsor emas dan juga mengirimkan eksekutif puncaknya sebagai pembicara. Namun, sebuah petisi yang ditandatangani 86 pakar CSR dan etika bisnis, membuat keikutsertaan dua perusahaan tersebut dibatalkan oleh panitia. Ketiga, berbagai survei mutakhir menunjukkan bahwa seluruh pemangku kepentingan sepakat bahwa industri rokok adalah yang paling rendah kinerja CSR-nya. Artinya, telah terjadi kesepakatan global para pemangku kepentingan bahwa industri rokok memang tidak bisa dipandang bertanggung jawab.
Mengapa kesepakatan global ini muncul di kalangan penggiat CSR? Karena beberapa tahun belakangan telah tercapai kesadaran bahwa CSR bisa dimaknai dengan jelas, walaupun definisinya masih sangat beragam. Perbedaan definisi itu ini diketahui hanyalah merupakan perbedaan penekanan dan artikulasi, namun secara substansi tidaklah berbeda.
CSR jauh lebih luas dari sekedar pemberian sponsor, karena sebetulnya CSR adalah manajemen dampak. Timbal balik ke masyarakat juga hanya sebagian dari CSR, karena CSR terutama berkaitan dengan bagaimana keuntungan dibuat oleh perusahaan, bukan sekadar berapa dan kepada siapa keuntungan itu disebarkan. Citra positif adalah hasil menjalankan CSR dalam jangka panjang, namun citra bukanlah tujuan menjalankan CSR itu sendiri. Demikian juga dengan uang. Banyak riset telah membuktikan bahwa kinerja CSR dan kinerja financial perusahaan memang berkorelasi positif, namun uang (keuntungan) hanyalah dampak ikutan dari menjalankan CSR.
Kalau sebuah perusahaan rokok coba-coba untuk membuat klaim bahwa mereka adalah perusahaan yang bertangung jawab sosial, kita bisa menimbangnya dengan keharusan internalisasi eksternalitas di atas. Yang pertama-tama harus diperiksa adalah apakah memang dampak negatif dari produksnya telah ditekan hingga batas terendah yang mungkin? Belum tampak ada upaya masif dari industri rokok untuk mencegah anak-anak dan remaja merokok dengan menghilangkan akses mereka ke produk rokok dan berbagai iklannya. Industri ini juga sama sekali tak serius melindungi bukan perokok.
Dalam berbagai literatur CSR dinyatakan, apabila perusahaan tidak meminimumkan dan mengkompensasi dampak negatifnya terlebih dahulu, namun langsung terjun dalam kegiatan amal, itu disebut greenwash alias pengelabuan citra. Tampaknya inilah yang banyak terjadi pada industri rokok di manapun, termasuk di Indonesia.
Begitu juga dengan sinyal bahwa CSR adalah budi pekerti korporat. Jika budi pekerti tidak baik, maka masyarakat akan melihat budi pekerti korporat juga tidak baik. Pencitraan sebagai perusahaan dengan budi pekerti yang baik merupakan sebuah metode untuk mentransfer rival costs yang harus dikeluarkan perusahaan untuk menghadapi pesaing pada industri sejenis. Sebagai contoh PT. HM. Sampoerna yang mencitrakan dirinya sebagai perusahaan rokok yang menjalankan CSR melalui kepedulian pada pendidikan atau PT. Djarum Indonesia melalui program CSR penghijauan dan peduli lingkungan. Positioning tersebut menurunkan rival cost dengan perusahaan lain dalam satu industri, terutama dengan bentuk pasar yang oligopoli maka melalui strategi ini perusahaan mengirimkan sinyal positif sebagai perusahaan yang berbudi pekerti. Hasilnya diharapkan nilai perusahaan akan mengalami peningkatan atau dengan kata lain tujuan financial perusahaan akan tercapai.
Terlepas dari batas yang tipis antara sumbangsih sosial dan strategi pemasaran, sumbangsih mereka, jelas-jelas diakui membawa manfaat bagi kehidupan masyarakat. Namun yang perlu dipertanyakan adalah kegiatan CSR perusahaan rokok tersebut sudah tepat atau belum. Dampak terdekat dari kehadiran dan penggunaan produk rokok adalah soal kesehatan. Oleh karena itu seharusnya industri rokok banyak memprakarsai meminimumkan dampak negatif ini dibandingkan dengan memberikan sumbangsih bagi kegiatan hiburan dan mempublikasikan kegiatan solidaritas sosial. Demikian pula hanya dengan produk rokoknya sendiri. Dalam rangka menghindari dampak buruk bagi kesehatan, produk rokok selain mengedepankan soal cita rasa, sebaiknya juga menginformasikan kandungan dan batas toleransi racun dan tata cara merokok yang mungkin bisa meminimalisasi dampak negatif bagi kesehatan bagi konsumennya. Secara sosial, aktivitas merokok di ruang publik juga banyak dikeluhkan. Oleh karena itu, industri rokok juga seharusnya berperan aktif untuk menyosialisasikan larangan merokok di ruang publik dan membangun sarana-sarana smoking area. Dari sisi penonjolan kemewahan dan kebanggaan merokok, iklan rokok sudah sangat berhasil. Namun dari sisi pendidikan untuk perokok tentang bagaimana sebaiknya merokok dengan santun, hingga kini tak ada satu pun industri rokok yang mulai memprakarsainya.
Dalam soal supply chain, industri rokok merupakan salah satu industri yang memiliki mata rantai keterlibatan pelaku bisnis yang sangat panjang. Sejak petani tembakau dan cengkih sampai dengan penjaja rokok di pinggir jalan. Pertanyaan penting yang harus diajukan adalah: apa yang dilakukan oleh industri rokok untuk meningkatkan kehidupan merka yang terlibat di dalamnya? Apakah pembagian keuntungan yang relatif adil sudah terjadi, ataukah ketimpangan pendapatan yang menjadi ciri pelaku industri ini?
Kedermawanan perusahaan (corporate philanthropy) bisa diartikan sebagai inisiatif perusahaan untuk terlibat dalam upaya-upaya perbaikan kehidupan sosial. Alasan kemanusiaan pada mulanya menjadi motivasi utama tindakan ini. Dalam perkembangannya lebih lanjut, kegiatan ini berkembang menjadi sebuah tindakan strategis. Alasan membangun reputasi, causerelated marketing, dan bahkan secara diam-diam menghitung dampak dan peluang politik hadir dalam tindakan filantropis ini. Sepertinya ini terjadi karena sebagian besar perusahaa menempatkan diri sebagai diri sebagai perusahaan dermawan, untuk kemudian melakukan ekspansi pasar atas modal perolehan citra positif dari publik.
Sebagai sebuah tindakan, CSR tidak bisa dilepaskan dari tanggung jawab perusahaan untuk menimimalisasi dampak negatif dan maksimalisasi dampak positif. Untuk sementara, tampak bahwa kinerja CSR lebih banyak memokuskan diri pada maksimalisasi dampak positif dengan memberikan kontribusi pada aneka ragam kegiatan sosial. Pada umumnya CSR lebih sering memilih agenda sumbangan kepada korban bencana, bermain di sektor pendidikan dan kesehatan. Nyaris semua kegiatan CSR berhenti sampai di sini. Dan nyaris pula, mereka melupakan evaluasi dan kewajibannya untuk menimalisasi dampak negatif operasi perusahaannya.
Langkah Strategis Pelaksanaan CSR Perusahaan Rokok
Agar CSR menjadi sebuah langkah yang sustainable dan termasuk sebagai upaya minimalisasi dampak negatif dan maksimalisasi dampak positif, disarankan beberapa langkah manajerial yang sebaiknya diambil.
Pertama, melakukan review atas portfolio kegiatan dan program yang sudah berlangsung. Dalam melakukan review dilakukan perusahaan harus melihat apakah kegiatan yang selama ini dilakukan termasuk (i) communal obligation, sebuah kegiatan umum sebagaimana layaknya seorang warga negara. Ciri umum dari kategori ini adalah keterlibatan CSR dalam program pendidikan dan kesehatan; (ii) goodwill building, memberikan kontribusi dan dukungan penuh kepada seluruh karyawan, pelanggan, dan community leader dalam menjalin hubungan baik dan merangkai program company relationship jangka panjang. Dalam kategori ini CSR, juga dijadikan sebagai momentum untuk merangkai stakeholder engagement baik secara internal (khususnya employee dan supply chain) maupun secara eksternal (khususnya dengan pemerintah, organisasi masyarakat sipil, dan masyarakat secara umum); (iii) strategic giving, memberikan bantuan sesuai dengan core competence bisnis dan konteks kebutuhan lokal.
Dalam konteks ini, yang kegiatan CSR yang disarankan bagi perusahaan rokok adalah memperhatikan kesejahteraan para pelaku bisnis rokok yang sangat panjang. Sejak petani tembakau dan cengkih sampai dengan penjaja rokok di pinggir jalan. Peningkatan taraf hidup mereka yang terlibat di dalamnya. Dan menerapkan suatu sistem pembagian keuntungan yang relatif adil.
Kedua, melakukan penilaian atas resistensi—baik yang potensial maupun yang sudah eksis—dari inisiatif pemberian bantuan oleh perusahaan. Penilaian ini dilakukan dengan memerhatikan: (i) proses seleksi atas upaya pemberian bantuan terbaik; (ii) upaya memperlebar mitra dengan kelompok lain dalam memberikan bantuan; (iii) upaya-upaya dan proses-proses perbaikan kinerja pemberian bantuan; (iv) perolehan dampak perbaikan dan perluasan pengetahuan. Empat “saringan” ini diperhatikan dengan saksama demi terwujudnya nilai sosial dan ekonomi baru: terjadi keseimbangan atau titik temu antara semakin tingginya manfaat sosial dalam kegiatan filantropi murni dan manfaat ekonomi dalam kegiatan bisnis murni.
Ketiga, mencari opportunity untuk melakukan collective action di sebuah wilayah operasi bersama mitra lain. Mitra di sini baik berupa perusahaan lain maupun beragam para pemangku kepentingan yang memiliki competitive context sesuai dengan canangan program yang hendak dijalankan. Dalam konteks ini disarankan bagi perusahaan rokok bekerja sama dengan perusahaan rokok lain untuk membangun unit-unti smoking area dan mengkampanyekan hanya boleh merokok pada smoking area tersebut. Hal ini sebagai konsekuansi bahwa rokok sebenarnya mengganggu bagi orang-orang disekitarnya. Sebab hal ini sebenarnya yang dibutuhkan masyarakat yang bukan perokok.
Keempat, dengan penuh saksama melakukan jejak rekam (monitoring) dan mengevaluasi hasil. Temuan perolehan hal-hal unik yang mungkin berbeda sama sekali dengan langkah teks manajerial sebaiknya dijadikan sebagai input untuk perbaikan dan inovasi program tiada henti. Satu hal yang juga penting diperhatikan—kendati secara implisit sudah ditegaskan di muka, bahwa CSR juga membawa misi penyebaran nilai-nilai. Nyaris semua perusahaan besar dibangun atas nilai-nilai universal pendirinya dan berbagai program CSR juga sedikit banyak mencerminkan keinginan penyebaran nilai-nilai para pendiri bangunan dan jaringan bisnis ini. Nilai-nilai seperti kemandirian, upaya membantu sesama, komitmen pada kebersihan dan kejujuran, semangat dan kerja keras, seni bertahan dan mengaktualisasikan diri, serta sejumlah cita-cita yang berhubungan dengan nilai-nilai citizenship, juga merupakan item yang harus diperhatikan dengan saksama dalam melakukan CSR.
Secara keseluruhan langkah-langkah di atas haruslah bermuara pada keseimbangan antara kontribusi sosial, ekonomi, dan lingkungan dengan tentunya ditempatkan dalam kerangka upaya manajemen untuk meminimumkan dampak negatif rokok dan memaksimalkan dampak positif perusahaan rokok sesuai dengan bisnis yang dijalankan. Dan di sinilah titik temu makna tindakan CSR yang memberikan dampak positif bagi kehidupan sosial dan sekaligus mendatangkan manfaat ekonomi baik bagi masyarakat maupun perusahaan. Sepanjang keseimbangan ini dijaga dengan saksama, CSR bisa dipastikan diselenggarakan dengan penuh tanggung jawab.
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